Curaƙatattun kayan abinci na abinci
Amincewa da abubuwan gina jiki shine mafi girma yayin buguwa da tuber (ingantaccen tsarin ƙaruwar girma).
Adadin sinadaran da dankalin dankali ya cire yana da alaƙa da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Yawancin lokaci, sau biyu yawan amfanin ƙasa zai haifar da sau biyu cire abubuwan gina jiki. Ana buƙatar amfani da abubuwan gina jiki daidai yadda ya kamata zuwa yankin karɓar abinci, kaɗan a baya, ko a lokacin da amfanin gona ke buƙatar su. Rashin tabbatar da cewa kowane shuka ya sami daidaitattun abubuwan gina jiki na iya lalata ingancin amfanin gona da rage yawan amfanin ƙasa.
Mafi girman abin da ake buƙata na potassium, kamar yadda aka nuna akan Hoto na 4, shine yayin matakin girma na tubers. Furewar tsire-tsire dankalin turawa nuni ne lokacin da wannan matakin ilimin halittar ya fara. Sakamakon haka, lokacin gyaran gefen gefe mai kyau tare da Multi-K be zai kasance a lokacin matakin ƙara tuber.
Hoto 4: Shan kayan masarufi gaba daya daga dankalin turawa
Source: Harris (1978)
Abubuwan buƙatun yau da kullun na tumatir dankalin turawa a yayin da ake cikin tsananin wahalar sune 4.5 kg / ha N, 0.3 kg / ha P da 6.0 kg / ha K. Bukatun potassium na tubers dankalin turawa a lokacin da ake yin su yana da yawa sosai saboda ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin masu sayan kayan alatu na potassium. Yieldara yawan amfanin ƙasa yau da kullun yayin matakan bulbukewar tuber na iya kaiwa 1000 - 1500 kg / ha / day. Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci don samar da abubuwan da ake buƙata na tsire-tsire a yayin matakan tuber a daidai matakin NPK kuma cikin adadi mai yawa.
Hoto 5: Yin amfani da macro da na abinci mai gina jiki ta hanyar inabi da tubers na tsire-tsire dankalin turawa da ke samar da tan 55 / ha
Tushen: Reiz, 1991
Hoto na 6: Yin amfani da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ta inabi da tubers na tsire-tsire dankalin turawa da ke samar da tan 55 / ha
2.2 Babban ayyuka na abubuwan gina jiki na tsire-tsire
Tebur 1: Takaita manyan aiyukan gina jiki
Abinci | ayyuka |
Nitrogen (N) | Kira na sunadarai (girma da yawan amfanin ƙasa). |
Kwayar cutar (P) | Rarraba salon salula da samuwar kuzari. |
Potassium (K) | Safarar sugars, sarrafa stomata, cofactor na enzymes da yawa, yana rage saukin kamuwa da cututtukan shuka. |
Alli (Ca) | Babban ginshiƙin gini a cikin ganuwar tantanin halitta, kuma yana rage saukin kamuwa da cututtuka. |
Sulfur (S) | Kira na amino acid mai mahimmanci cystine da methionine. |
Magnesium (MG) | Babban ɓangaren kwayar chlorophyll. |
Iron (F) | Kiran Chlorophyll. |
Manganese (Mn) | Ya zama dole a tsarin aikin hotuna. |
Boron (B) | Samuwar bangon kwayar halitta. Germination da elongation na pollen tube.Wasu suna shiga cikin metabolism da safarar sugars. |
Tutiya (Zn) | Kiran Auxins. |
Copper (Cu) | Tasiri a cikin metabolism na nitrogen da carbohydrates. |
Molybdenum (Mo) | Bangaren nitrate-reductase da enzymes na nitrogenase. |
Shafin 2: Illolin abubuwan gina jiki da tushen potassium akan ingancin amfanin gona
siga | Inara yawan sashi na | Aikace-aikacen KCl idan aka kwatanta da K--Cl ba tare da chloride ba | ||
nitrogen | phosphorus | potassium | ||
Girman tuber | ↑ | Babu sakamako | ↑ | K-chloride-kyauta K yana taimakawa haɓaka girma |
Rashin hankali ga lalacewar inji | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | Babu bayanai |
Tuber baƙi 1 | ↑ | Babu sakamako | Babu sakamako | KCl ya fi tasiri fiye da (-Cl) |
% busassun abu 2 | ↓ | ↑Effectananan sakamako | ↑ | Wasu rahotanni suna da'awar cewa aikace-aikace masu nauyi na KCl na iya haifar da ƙananan bushe, wannan na iya zama saboda tasirin chloride |
% sitaci 3 | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | Wasu rahotanni suna da'awar cewa aikace-aikace masu nauyi na KCl na iya haifar da ƙananan bushe, wannan na iya zama saboda tasirin chloride |
% furotin | ↑ | ↓ | Sakamakon rikici | K-chloride-kyauta K yana taimakawa haɓaka abun ciki |
% rage sugars | Rashin daidaituwa | ↑ | ↓ | Babu bambanci |
Ku ɗanɗani | ↓ | ↑ | Babu sakamako | K-chloride-kyauta K ya fi kyau |
Baƙi bayan dafa abinci | ↑ | Babu sakamako |
1 Yin baƙi yana haifar da sanadarin abubuwa masu narkewar abubuwa lokacin da fatar ta fallasa.
2 Ana buƙatar babban kashi na busassun kwayoyin halitta a cikin dankali don masana'antu.
3 Babban haɗuwa kyawawa ne. Halin yana haɗuwa da takamaiman nauyi.
Nitrogen (N)
Ingantaccen N gudanarwa yana daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ake buƙata don samun ɗimbin yawa (Fig. 7) na kyakkyawar ƙaran dankali. Samun isasshen lokacin farkon N yana da mahimmanci don tallafawa ci gaban ciyayi.
Hoto na 7: Tasirin sinadarin nitrogen (N) akan amfanin dankalin turawa
Soilasa mai wuce gona da iri N, ana amfani da shi a ƙarshen lokaci yana jinkirta balaga na tubers kuma yana haifar da ƙarancin fata, wanda ke cutar da ƙwarjin tuber da kayan adana shi. Dankali shuki ne wanda ba shi da tushe, gabaɗaya yana girma akan yashi, ƙasa mai dausasshiyar ƙasa. Waɗannan yanayin ƙasa suna yawan sanya ruwa da N gudanarwa cikin wahala tunda nitrate yana da saukin rashi. A waɗannan ƙasashe masu yashi, ana ba da shawarar cewa dankali ya karɓi aikace-aikacen raba N na lokacin girma. Wannan ya haɗa da amfani da wasu jimlar N da ake buƙata kafin dasawa da amfani da ragowar yayin kakar tare da aikace-aikacen suturar gefe ko ta tsarin ban ruwa ta Nutrigation ™ (fertigation).
Lokacin mafi yawan buƙatun N ya bambanta da nau'o'in dankalin turawa kuma yana da alaƙa da halaye na ɗabi'a, kamar ƙimar tushe da lokaci zuwa balaga. Binciken Petiole a lokacin shukar girma kayan aiki ne mai amfani, yana bawa masu shuka damar ƙayyade matsayin N na amfanin gona kuma su amsa cikin lokaci tare da abubuwan gina jiki masu dacewa.
Matsakaicin ammonium / nitrate yana da mahimmanci a lokacin dasa shuki. Yawancin ammonium-nitrogen rashin amfani ne saboda yana rage sashin-tushen pH kuma hakan yana inganta cutar Rhizoctonia. Nitrate-nitrogen na haɓaka haɓakar cations kamar calcium, potassium da magnesium, ana buƙata don ƙayyadadden ƙimar nauyi.
Hoto 8: Abinda ya shafi dangin dankalin turawa zuwa ga sinadarin nitrate-ammonium a cikin maganin gina jiki
A 12 mM na N, tsire-tsire sun nuna yawan ammonium mai haɗari tare da NH4+ abinci mai gina jiki, amma ci gaban lafiya tare da NO3- abinci mai gina jiki. Don haka, kulawa da hankali na NH4+ maida hankali wajibi ne don rage yawan guba na ammonium ga shuke-shuke dankalin turawa.
Hoto 9: Tasirin Yanayin Nitrate / Amonium da kuma N akan yawan amfanin gonar UTD tubers
Source: Kayan lambu & 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari, Fabrairu / Maris, 2000. Afirka ta Kudu
Nitrogen essimar
Gwajin ƙasa zuwa zurfin 60 cm. a lokacin bazara yana da mahimmanci don tsara ingantaccen shirin N gudanarwa. Samfuran ƙasa bayan girbi na iya taimaka wa manoma su zaɓi amfanin gona mai zuwa, wanda zai iya yin amfani da ragowar N bayan amfanin ɗankalin turawa.
Neman nitrogen ta amfanin gona yayin bullar tuber na iya zama 2.2 zuwa 3.0 kg / ha / day. Samfurin Petiole nitrate yana ba da damar saka idanu kan yanayin kayan lambu. Tattara abubuwan 4th petiole daga 30 - 50 da aka zaɓa tsire-tsire a cikin filin (Fig. 10) an bada shawarar. Ana tattara samfuran tsoka kowane mako don bin sauye-sauye a matakan nitrate, da shirya aikace-aikacen taki na kari, idan matakan suka sauka kasa da yadda ya kamata.
Matsanancin matakan nitrate nitrate-matakan sun ragu yayin da dankalin turawa ya bunkasa ya balaga. Gabaɗaya, matakan petiole nitrate-N a turɓaya tuber sune <10,000 ppm = low, 10,000-15,000 ppm = matsakaici,> 15,000 ppm = isasshe. (Hoto 11)
Hoto na 10: Tsarin ganye na huɗu akan tsiron dankalin turawa
Hoto 11: Fassara matakan N-NO3 a cikin bishiyar dankalin turawa a matakai daban-daban na ci gaba
Kwayar cutar (P)
Phosphorus yana da mahimmanci ga tushen farko da bunƙasa ci gaba, yana ba da kuzari don aiwatar da tsire-tsire kamar ɗaukar ion da jigilar kaya. Tushen yana shan ions phosphate ne kawai lokacin da suka narke a cikin ruwan ƙasa. Arancin phosphorus na iya faruwa ko da a cikin ƙasa tare da wadatattun P, idan fari, ƙarancin yanayin zafi, ko cuta ta tsoma baki tare da Y yaduwa zuwa tushen, ta hanyar maganin ƙasa. Wadannan nakasu za su haifar da ci gaban tushe da rashin isasshen aiki.
A matakin farko na tuber, isasshen wadatuwar sinadarin phosphorus yana tabbatar da cewa an samar da mafi yawan adadin tubers. Bayan qaddamarwar tuber, phosphorus muhimmin abu ne don hada sitaci, jigilar kaya da adana shi.
Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa gyare-gyare ga takin P, kamar su polymer additives, humic abubuwa, da shafuka na iya zama da fa'ida wajen inganta ɗaukar P da samar da dankalin turawa.
Potassium (K)
Shuke-shuke dankalin turawa suna daukar potassium mai yawa a duk lokacin girma. Potassium yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da yanayin ruwan shuka da ionicon ionic na ƙwayoyin tsire-tsire, tare da mai da hankali na musamman akan aikin tumatir.
Potassium yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikin rage nitrate a cikin shuka. Inda adadi mai yawa (misali> 400 kg / ha K2O) ya kamata ayi amfani dasu, a cikin yanayi mai kyau yana da kyau a raba kayan ado na makonni 6-8.
Dankali na buƙatar ƙasa mai yawa K, tun da wannan sinadarin na da mahimmanci ga ayyuka na rayuwa kamar motsin sugars daga ganye zuwa tubers da sauya sukari zuwa sitaci dankalin turawa. Karancin sinadarin potassium yana rage yawan amfanin gona, girma, da kuma ingancin amfanin dankalin turawa. Rashin isasshen ƙasa K yana haɗuwa da ƙananan takamaiman nauyi a cikin dankali.
Karancin sinadarin potassium na lalata karfin amfanin gona ga cututtuka da kuma karfin jure damuwa kamar fari da sanyi. Amfani da takin K tare da aikace-aikacen watsa shirye-shirye kafin shuka ana ba da shawarar galibi. Idan an yi amfani da K a dunƙule, za a kiyaye ƙimar a ƙasa da kilogiram 45 K2O / ha don kauce wa duk wani rauni na gishiri ga masu tsiro masu tasowa.
Zaɓin mafi kyawun taki na K
Tushen sinadarin potassium yana taka muhimmiyar rawa akan inganci da yawan kwayar tubers dankalin turawa. Ta hanyar gwada mabubbugan daban na K, an gano Multi-K ™ potassium nitrate don ƙara bushewar al'amura sau da yawa kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa ya fi sauran hanyoyin K (Siffa 12 & 13). Anyi wannan binciken akan nau'ikan shukoki daban-daban kuma dukansu sun amsa da mafi girman yawan tuber zuwa maganin Multi-K ™ (Fig 14).
Hoto na 12: Tasirin takin mai magani daban-daban akan yawan tuber dankalin turawa
Tushen: Reiz, 1991
Hoto na 13: Tasirin takin mai magani daban-daban akan abun busassun abun cikin tubers dankalin turawa
Tushen: Reiz, 1991
Hoto na 14: Tasirin takin mai magani mai tasiri a kan yawan amfanin gona na dankalin turawa na nau'o'in kayan gona daban-daban
Tushen: Bester, 1986
Specificayyadadden nauyin dankalin turawa da kalar kwakwalwan sune mahimman sigogi don masana'antar sarrafa dankalin. Duk waɗannan sigogi suna amsawa da kyau ga Multi-K ™ potassium nitrate jiyya idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin samar da takin mai magani na K (Siffa 15, 16).
Hoto na 15: Tasirin takin mai magani daban-daban akan kwakwalwar kwakwalwan kwamfuta
Tushen: Reiz, 1991
Hoto na 16: Tasirin takin mai magani daban-daban akan takamaiman nauyin tubers dankalin turawa
Tushen: Reiz, 1991
Baya ga tasirin da ake samu na Multi-K ™ kan inganci da yawan amfanin gonar dankalin turawa, hakanan yana inganta rayuwar rayuwar tubers a cikin adana (Fig. 17).
Hoto 17: Tasirin asarar taki daban-daban na asarar lokaci (@ 20oC, RH 66%)
Tushen: Bester (1986)
Alli (Ca)
Calcium babban maƙalli ne na ganuwar tantanin halitta, yana taimakawa wajen gina ƙaƙƙarfan tsari da tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na ƙwayoyin halitta. Katangun ƙwayoyin da suka wadatar da ƙwayoyin Calcium sun fi jure wa haɗarin ƙwayoyin cuta ko fungal. Calcium kuma yana taimakawa tsire-tsire don daidaitawa zuwa damuwa ta hanyar tasirin tasirin siginar lokacin da damuwa ta auku. Hakanan yana da mahimmiyar rawa wajen tsara jigilar potassium mai aiki don buɗewar ciki.
Magnesium (MG)
Magnesium yana da matsakaiciyar rawa wajen daukar hoto, saboda kwayar zarra tana nan a tsakiyar kowace kwayar chlorophyll. Hakanan yana cikin wasu matakai masu mahimmanci na sukari da samar da furotin da kuma jigilar sugars a cikin hanyar sukrose daga ganye zuwa tubers.
Increasesara yawan amfanin ƙasa har zuwa 10% an samu a cikin gwaji inda ake amfani da takin zamani na takin mai na magnesium.
Sulfur (S)
Sulfur yana rage matakin na yau da kullun. Wannan tasirin yana da alaƙa da raguwa a cikin ƙasa PH inda ake amfani da sulfur a cikin asalinsa.
2.3 Rashin lafiyar abinci a cikin dankali
nitrogen
Ana nuna karancin nitrogen ta raguwar ci gaban kodadde ganye, kuma yana haifar da rage yawan tuber (girma da lamba). Rashin ƙarancin ya zama mafi muni ta ƙasa mai ƙarancin pH (ƙarami ko babba), ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta, yanayin fari ko ban ruwa mai nauyi (Fig. 18).
Yawan nitrogen ya haifar da jinkiri ga balaga, girman ci gaba mai wuce gona da iri, ƙarancin zuciya da haɓakar girma, ƙwarewa ga cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, rage takamaiman tuber da wahalar cikin konewar inabi kafin girbi.
Hoto na 18: Alamomin karancin nitrogen (N)
phosphorus
Alamun cututtuka da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da rashi na phosphorus sune: ƙananan tubers, ƙaramin tubers, tsire-tsire masu laushi, rawaya tsofaffin ganye, ƙaramin ƙaramin koren ganye mai duhu (Fig. 19)
Yawan phosphorus, lokacin da ake gabatarwa, yana haɗa wasu abubuwa kamar su alli da tutiya, suna haifar da nakasu.
Hoto na 19: Alamomin karancin phosphorus (P)
potassium
Rashin sinadarin potassium yana kawo jinkirin daukar nitrogen, yana jinkirta ci gaban shuka kuma yana haifar da rage yawan amfanin gona, rashin inganci, da kuma juriya mara kyau. Alamun alamomin rashin raunin K sune necrosis na gefen ganye, tsufa da wuri (Fig. 20)
Matsanancin potassium yana haifar da rage takamaiman nauyin tuber da rage alli da / ko magnesium. Hakanan yana lalata tsarin kasa.
Hoto na 20: Alamar rashin isasshen kwayar halitta (K)
alli
Rashin ƙarancin alli yana tsoma baki tare da haɓakar tushe, yana haifar da nakasa daga shawarwarin ci gaban ganye, kuma yana iya haifar da rage amfanin ƙasa da ƙarancin inganci. Tsiran dankalin turawa mai karancin alli sun rage karfin ajiya. Levelsananan matakan calcium a cikin ƙasa suna haifar da tsarin ƙasa mafi talauci.
Alamomin alamomin rashin isassun alli sune ganye masu lanƙwasa a saman ganye, ƙonewar ƙonewa, da ƙananan ganyayyaki masu ƙoshin lafiya. (Hoto na 21)
Sakamakon sakamako mai yawa a rage haɓakar magnesium, tare da alamun alamun da suka shafi rashi magnesium.
Hoto 21: Alamun rashin isasshen ƙwayoyin cuta (Ca)
magnesium
Tunda magnesium shine babban mahimmin abu a cikin hotuna hotuna, saurin sa yana raguwa a karkashin yanayin rashi na magnesium, wanda ke haifar da Rage tuber samuwar da kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa. Raunin magnesium mai tsanani zai iya rage amfanin ƙasa har zuwa 15%. Maganin isassun magnesium sun fi lalacewa yayin ɗagawa da adana su.
Alamun rashi na al'ada: Ganye na samun rawaya da launin ruwan kasa; Ganyen sai ya mutu; Tsire-tsire masu tsayi, farkon bala'in shuka; Matsayi mara kyau na fata na tubers. (Hoto na 22)
Magnesium mai yawa yana haifar da rage karɓar alli, tare da alamun da ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin alli.
Hoto na 22: Alamun rashi na magnesium (Mg)
sulfur
Rashin Sulfur (S) na haifar da ragin girma, kuma ganye ya zama kore ko rawaya jajere. Yawan ganye ya ragu. (Hoto na 23)
Hoto 23: Alamomin karancin alakar sulfur (S)
Iron
A karkashin rashi na Iron (Fe), yankunan da ke tsakaitawa suna samun chlorotic yayin da jijiyoyin suke zama kore. A cikin yanayin rashi mai tsanani, dukkan ganyen chlorotic ne. (Hoto na 24). Alamun karancin ƙarfe da farko sun fara bayyana a kan ƙaramin ganye.
Hoto 24: Alamun rashi na halayen Iron (Fe)
boron
Boron (B) yana daidaita safarar sugars ta cikin membranes, kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rabe-raben tantanin halitta, ci gaban kwayar halitta da kuma kumburi.
A karkashin yanayin rashi karancin girma buds ya mutu, kuma tsire-tsire sun bayyana kamar bushy, suna da guntun internodes. Ganye yayi kauri kuma yayi birgima zuwa sama; ganyen nama yayi duhu ya fadi. Abubuwan launin ruwan kasa necrotic sun bayyana akan tubers, kuma an sami tsattsauran ciki. (Hoto na 25)
Hoto 25: Alamar rashi na halayen Boron (B)
Copper
Arƙashin raunin jan ƙarfe (Cu) ƙananan ganye sun zama marasa ƙarfi kuma sun yi laushi, ƙananan ƙwayoyi suna saukad da ci gaban tohowar fure, kuma ƙwarin ganye ya zama mai laushi (Fig. 26).
Hoto 26: Alamar rashi na halayen Boron (B)
tutiya
Alamun karancin zinc: Yaran ganye sun zama chlorotic (koren haske ko rawaya), kunkuntar, ta sama-kullewa kuma suna ci gaba da konewa. Sauran cututtukan ganyayyaki sune jijiyoyin kore, tabo tare da mataccen nama, gogewa, da kuma bayyana a bayyane. (Hoto na 27)
Hoto 27: Alamun rashi na Zinc (Zn)
manganese
Manganese (Mn) alamomin rashi: baƙi ko launin ruwan kasa a kan ƙananan ganye; ganye rawaya; matalauta fata gama da tubers (Fig. 28). Tubers sun fi saurin lalacewa yayin ɗagawa da adanawa.
Hoto 28: Alamomin rashi manganese (Mn)
Shafin 8: Matakan bayanai game da kowane nau'ikan abinci mai gina jiki a matakin foliar:
Na gina jiki (%) | Ficasasshe | low | Al'ada | high | Wuce kima |
Nitrogen (N) | <4.2 | 4.2-4.9 | 5.0-6.5 | > 6.5 | |
Kwayar cutar (P) | 0.23-0.29 | 0.3-0.55 | > 0.6 | ||
Potassium (K) | 3.3-3.9 | 4.0-6.5 | 6.5-7.0 | > 7.0 | |
Alli (Ca) | 0.6-0.8 | 0.8-2 | > 2.0 | ||
Magnesium (MG) | 0.22-0.24 | 0.25-0.5 | > 0.5 | ||
Sulfur (S) | 0.30-0.50 |
Na gina jiki (ppm) | Ficasasshe | low | Al'ada | high | Wuce kima |
Copper (Cu) | <3 | 3.0 -5.0 | 5.0 -20 | 30-100 | |
Tutiya (Zn) | 15-19 | 20-50 | |||
Manganese (Mn) | 20-30 | 50-300 | 700-800 | > 800 | |
Iron (F) | 50-150 | ||||
Boron (B) | 18-24 | 30-60 | |||
Sodium (Na) | 0-0.4 | > 0.4 | |||
Chloride (Cl) | 0-3.0 | 3.0-3.5 | > 3.5 |
2.5 Shuka bukatun gina jiki
Tebur 9: Bukatun abinci na dankali
Abun da ake tsammani (ton / ha) | Cire ta yawan amfanin ƙasa (kg / ha) | Byauke da tsire-tsire gaba ɗaya (kg / ha) | ||||||||
N | P2O5 | K2O | CaO | MgO | N | P2O5 | K2O | CaO | MgO | |
20 | 38 | 18 | 102 | 2 | 2 | 105 | 28 | 146 | 29 | 19 |
40 | 76 | 36 | 204 | 4 | 4 | 171 | 50 | 266 | 42 | 28 |
60 | 114 | 54 | 306 | 6 | 6 | 237 | 72 | 386 | 55 | 37 |
80 | 152 | 72 | 408 | 8 | 8 | 303 | 95 | 506 | 68 | 46 |
100 | 190 | 90 | 510 | 10 | 10 | 369 | 117 | 626 | 82 | 55 |
110 | 209 | 99 | 561 | 11 | 11 | 402 | 128 | 686 | 88 | 59 |
Jagoran Amfanin gona: Masu buƙatar Abincin Abinci na Dankali