A lokacin yakin shekaru bakwai na tsakiyar 1700s, sojojin Prussia sun kame wani likitan sojan Faransa mai suna Antoine-Augustin Parmentier. A matsayin fursunan yaƙi, an tilasta masa ya rayu kan abincin dankali. A tsakiyar karni na 18 Faransa, wannan kusan zai iya zama azaba mai banƙyama da baƙon abu: ana tunanin dankali a matsayin abincin dabbobi, kuma an yarda dasu haifar da kuturta a cikin mutane. Tsoron ya yadu sosai har Faransawa suka zartar da doka akan su a cikin 1748.
Amma kamar yadda Parmentier ya gano a cikin kurkuku, dankali ba mai mutuwa ba ne. A zahiri, sun kasance masu daɗin gaske. Bayan da aka sake shi a ƙarshen yaƙin, masanin harhada magunguna ya fara yin talla ga 'yan ƙasarsa game da abubuwan al'ajabi na tuber. Wata hanyar da ya yi hakan ita ce ta hanyar nuna duk hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su, ciki har da mashed. A shekara ta 1772, Faransa ta ɗaga takunkumin da ta sa mata na dankalin turawa. Arni aru bayan haka, zaku iya yin odar dankakken dankali a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, a gidajen cin abinci wanda ya fara daga abinci mai sauri zuwa cin abinci mai kyau.
Labarin narkar da dankalin turawa ya dauki shekaru 10,000 ya ratsa tsaunukan Peru da karkarar Ireland; yana da hotuna daga Thomas Jefferson da masanin kimiyyar abinci wanda ya taimaka ƙirƙirar abinci mai daɗin ci a ko'ina. Kafin mu kai gare su, kodayake, bari mu koma farkon.
ASALIN DANKALI
Dankali ba asalin ƙasar Ireland bane - ko kuma ko'ina cikin Turai, game da wannan. Wataƙila sun kasance cikin gida a cikin tsaunukan Andes na Peru da arewa maso yammacin Bolivia, inda ake amfani da su don abinci aƙalla har zuwa 8000 KZ.
Wadannan dankalin farko sun banbanta da dankalin da muka sani a yau. Sun zo ne da dama siffofi da masu girma dabam kuma yana da ɗanɗano mai ɗaci cewa babu yawan dafa abinci da zai iya kawar da shi. Sun kasance ma masu guba. Don magance wannan guba, dangin daji na llama za su lasa yumbu kafin su ci su. Guba da ke cikin dankalin zai manne kan ƙurar yumbu, ya ba dabbobin damar cinye su lafiya. Mutanen da ke cikin Andes sun lura da wannan kuma suka fara dunkule dankalinsu a cikin cakuda yumbu da ruwa-ba ɗanɗano mafi daɗin ci ba, wataƙila, amma wata dabara ce ta magance matsalar dankalin su. Ko a yau, lokacin da kiwo da aka zaɓa ya sanya yawancin nau'o'in dankalin turawa suna da aminci don ci, wasu nau'o'in guba ana iya sayan su a kasuwannin Andean, inda ake siyar da su tare da narkewar narkewar ƙwarin yumbu.
A lokacinda masu binciken Sifen suka kawo dankalin turawa na farko zuwa Turai daga Kudancin Amurka a cikin karni na 16, sun kasance an shuka su zuwa wani tsiro mai cikakken ci. Ya ɗauki ɗan lokaci kaɗan don kamawa zuwa ƙasashen waje, kodayake. Ta wasu asusu, manoman Turai suna shakkar tsire-tsire waɗanda ba a ambata su a cikin Baibul ba; wasu kuma sun ce gaskiyar ita ce dankali ya fito ne daga tubers, maimakon iri.
Tarihin dankalin turawa na zamani yayi muhawara akan waɗannan abubuwan, kodayake. Rashin barin Kabeji daga Baibul kamar bai cutar da shahararsa ba, kuma noman tulip, amfani da kwararan fitila maimakon iri, yana faruwa a lokaci guda. Wataƙila wata matsala ce ta kayan lambu. Yankin Kudancin Amurka dankalin turawa ya bunkasa ba kamar wanda ake samu a Turai ba, musamman dangane da awanni na hasken rana a rana. A Turai, dankali ya yi girma ganye da furanni, wanda masana ilimin tsirrai ke nazari akai-akai, amma tubers ɗin da suka samar ya kasance ƙarami ko da bayan watanni na girma. An fara magance wannan matsala ta musamman lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka fara noman dankali a tsibirin Canary, wanda ke aiki a matsayin wani yanki na tsaka-tsaki tsakanin Kudancin Amurka mai sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma yankin arewacin Turai.
Yana da kyau a nuna, kodayake, akwai wasu shaidu don damuwar al'adu da aka ambata a baya. Akwai bayyanannun bayanai game da mutane a cikin tsaunukan Scotland waɗanda ba sa son cewa ba a ambaci dankalin a cikin Baibul, kuma al'adu kamar dasa dankali a ranar Juma'a mai kyau kuma wani lokacin ana yayyafa su da ruwa mai tsarki suna nuna cewa akwai wata alaƙar cuta da dankalin turawa. Sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, amma ba tare da rikici ba. Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, damuwa game da dankali da ke haifar da kuturta ya ɓata mutuncinsu sosai.
FARKON MASHED DANKALI
Wasu Aan masu ba da shawara na dankalin turawa, gami da Parmentier, sun sami damar juya hoton dankalin. A cikin littafin girke girke na karni na 18 Kayan Abinci, Marubuciya 'yar Ingilishi Hannah Glasse ta umurci masu karatu su dafa dankalin turawa, su bare shi, su sa shi a cikin tukunyar, su nika shi sosai da madara, man shanu, da' yar gishiri. A Amurka, Mary Randolph ta buga a girke-girke ga dankakken dankali a cikin littafinta, Uwargidan Gidan Virginia, wanda aka kira don rabin oza na man shanu da babban cokali na madara na fam din dankali.
Amma babu kasar da ta rungumi dankalin turawa kamar Ireland. Hardaƙƙarfan abinci, mai ƙoshin abinci mai gina jiki kamar an tsara shi don tsananin damun tsibirin. Kuma yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Ingila da Ireland na iya haɓaka daidaitawa a can; tunda mahimmin sashi yayi girma a cikin ƙasa, yana da mafi kyawun damar tsira daga ayyukan soja. Hakanan mutanen Irish suna son dankalinsu da aka nika, sau da yawa tare da kabeji ko kale a cikin tasa da aka sani da Colcannon. Dankali bai fi kawai kayan abinci a can ba; sun zama ɓangare na asalin Irish.
Amma amfanin gona mai ban al'ajabi ya zo da babban aibi: Yana da mai saukin kamuwa da cuta, musamman dankalin turawa marigayi blight, ko Magungunan Phytophtora. Lokacin da oran ƙwayoyin cuta suka mamaye Ireland a cikin 1840s, manoma sun rasa abinsu kuma iyalai da yawa sun rasa asalin abincin su. Yunwar dankalin Turawa ta Irish ta kashe mutane miliyan, ko takwas na yawan mutanen ƙasar. Gwamnatin Birtaniyya, a nata ɓangaren, ba ta da ɗan tallafi ga talakawanta na Irish.
Oneaya daga cikin gadon da ba zato ba tsammani na Yunwar Dankali shine fashewa a ciki ilimin kimiyyar aikin gona. Charles Darwin ya damu da matsalar cutar dankalin turawa akan matakin jin kai da kimiyya; har ma da kansa tallafi dankalin turawa shirin a cikin Ireland. Nasa ɗaya ne daga cikin ƙoƙarin da yawa. Amfani da dankalin turawa wanda ya tsira daga cutar da sabon kasuwancin Amurka ta Kudu, manoman Turai na ƙarshe sun sami damar hayayyafa da ƙarfi, juriya dankalin turawa da sake gina lambobin amfanin gona. Wannan ci gaban ya haifar da ƙarin bincike game da jinsin tsire-tsire, kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na mafi girman motsi na kimiyya wanda ya haɗa da aikin ƙaddamar da Gregor Mendel tare da lambun lambu.
Kayan aikin KASHE-KASHEN KASADA KASHE
Kusan farkon ƙarni na 20, wani kayan aiki da ake kira mai arziki ya fara bayyana a cikin ɗakunan girki na gida. Contraarfafa ƙarfe ne wanda yayi kama da matse tafarnuwa mai girma, kuma ba ruwan sa da yin shinkafa. Lokacin da dankalin dafaffe ya matse ta cikin ƙananan ramuka a ƙasan jaridar, sai ya rikide ya zama mai kyau, girman shinkafa guda.
Tsarin yana da matukar wahala fiye da amfani da masherin da, kuma yana samar da kyakkyawan sakamako. Ki markada dankalinki ya manta gelatinized sitaci daga ƙwayoyin tsire-tsire masu ɗaukaka tare don samar da daidaito irin na liƙa. Idan kun taɓa ɗanɗanar “dankalin turawa” mai dankali, mai yiwuwa ne yawan laifi. Tare da mai arziƙi, ba kwa buƙatar cin zarafin dankalinku don samun sassauƙa, mai dunƙulen dunƙule. Wasu masu tsarkaka suna jayayya cewa mashed dankali da aka yi wannan hanyar da gaske ba shi da annashuwa kwata-kwata an sare shi-amma kada mu bari aikin ƙafa ya shiga cikin hanyar abubuwan ci da yawa na carbohydrates.
JUYIN HALITTA DANKANYAN DANKASU KASHE
Idan yankakken dankalin turawa suna da ra'ayoyi game da masu kudi, tabbas zasu sami abin fada game da wannan ci gaban na gaba. A cikin shekarun 1950, masu bincike a abin da a yau ake kira Cibiyar Nazarin Yankin Gabas, wani sashen Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona na Amurka a wajen Philadelphia, ya samar da wata sabuwar hanya don bushe dankali wanda ya kai ga gawar dankalin turawa da za a iya sake shan ruwa da sauri a gida. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an haifi dankali mai narkewa na zamani.
Yana da kyau a nuna cewa wannan ya yi nesa da farkon lokacin da dankali ya bushe. Tun daga farkon lokacin Incas, ku shine ainihin dankalin turawa mai daskarewa da aka kirkira ta hanyar haɗuwa da aikin hannu da yanayin muhalli. Incas sun ba shi sojoji kuma sunyi amfani dashi don kare karancin amfanin gona.
Gwaje-gwaje tare da bushewar masana'antu sun kasance a ƙarshen ƙarshen 1700s, tare da wasiƙa guda 1802 zuwa Thomas Jefferson game da wata sabuwar ƙira inda kuka dafa ɗankalin turawa da matse dukkan ruwan 'ya'yan itace, kuma za a iya ajiye kek ɗin da aka samu tsawon shekaru. Lokacin da aka sake sake ruwa ya zama "kamar naman dankali" kamar yadda wasikar ta nuna. Abin baƙin ciki, dankalin yana da halin juyawa zuwa waina, wainar ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano.
Sha'awar cikin dankakken dankalin turawa ya sake komawa lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, amma wayannan sifofin sun kasance masu laushi ne ko sun dawwama. Ya kasance har sai da sabon abu na ERRC a cikin shekarun 1950 za'a iya samar da ingantaccen ɗankakken dankalin Turawa. Ofaya daga cikin mahimman ci gaban shine neman hanyar da za a bushe dafaffen dankalin da sauri, rage girman ɓarkewar ƙwayoyin salula sabili da haka rashin aikin samfurin ƙarshe. Wadannan dunkulen dankalin turawa sun dace daidai da hauhawar abin da ake kira saukaka abinci a lokacin, kuma sun taimaka amfani da dankalin turawa ya dawo cikin shekarun 1960 bayan raguwa a shekarun da suka gabata.
Nan da nan dankakken dankalin turawa abin al'ajabi ne na kimiyyar abinci, amma ba su kaɗai ke amfani da masana kimiyya da aka samo wa waɗannan sabbin tarkacen ɗankalin ba. Miles Willard, daya daga cikin masu binciken ERRC, ya ci gaba da aiki a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, inda aikinsa ya taimaka wajen ba da gudummawa ga sabbin nau'ikan kayan ciye-ciye ta hanyar amfani da filayen dankalin turawa da aka sake fasalin-ciki har da Pringles.
