Sabbin kayan aiki, hanyoyin na iya samar da kwayar dankalin turawa mai tsire-tsire-iri

Coloradowaren dankalin turawa na Colorado babban kwari ne a Arewacin Amurka wanda zai iya rage yawan dankalin turawa da kashi 30-50% idan ba a kula ba. Kulawa ya dogara da tarihi don amfani da magungunan ƙwari, amma rashin nasarar sarrafa sinadarai akan ƙwarin dankalin turawa na Colorado an ba da rahoton ga yawancin manyan azuzuwan magungunan kwari. 

a cikin shekarun 1980, mun san cewa Solanum chacoense, wani nau'in daji daga Ajantina, ya kasance mai matukar jituwa da ƙwaro dankalin turawa na Colorado. Amurka da Kanada masu kiwo sun yi yunƙurin kiwo irin na ƙwaro mai ƙwarin ƙwaro, amma yana da wahala a canza ƙarfin juriya da muke gani a cikin dangin daji zuwa nau'ikan kasuwanci. 

Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ta bi sahun masu binciken dankalin da ya gabata kuma tana aiki a kan wannan kalubalen ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin bincike da aka inganta a cikin dankalin turawa sama da shekaru goma, kamar su kwayoyin halittu da kuma gyaran kwayar halitta. Hada wadannan kayan aikin tare da wata sabuwar dabarar kiwo wacce ke sawwaka kiwo dankalin ta bamu damar yin cigaban da zai sanya ire-iren ƙwaro irin na ƙwari.

Dangin dankalin turawa a dabi'ance suna yin nasu mahaɗan kwari don kiyaye kwari kamar ƙwaron dankalin turawa na Colorado a bakin ruwa. Daban-daban nau'in daji suna samar da sifofi na musamman na waɗannan mahaɗan da aka sani da glycoalkaloids. Wasu suna da fa'ida sosai suna haifar da mace-mace a larvae dankalin turawa na Colorado kuma suna rage ciyar da ƙwaro irin na manya. 

Noman Glycoalkaloid a cikin ganyen dankalin turawa yana da fa'ida don kare beetles da ke fama da yunwa, amma yawan cin glycoalkaloids na iya haifar da illa ga lafiyar mutane. A saboda wannan dalili, Farfesa David Douches da dalibin da ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu Natalie Kaiser a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan suna aiki don kirkirar dankalin turawa wadanda ke hada glycoalkaloid mai karfi da ake kira leptine a cikin ganyen dankalin.

Ta hanyar kwatanta bayanan sunadarai na daruruwan dankalin turawa tare da juriyarsu da kwayar dankalin turawa ta Colorado a filin, Kaiser ya kuma sami sa hannu na sinadarai da zasu iya hango aikin filin. Wannan yana nufin cewa masu shayarwa za su iya zaɓar dankali mai jurewa tare da sauƙaƙe sinadaran maimakon ci gaba da gwajin filin.

Masu bincike sunyi kokarin gabatar da samar da ingantaccen leptine glycoalkaloids ga kayan noman dankalin kafin kuma ya shiga cikin matsaloli da yawa. Don masu farawa, akwai adadi mai yawa na kwayoyin dake sarrafa nau'ikan da yawan glycoalkaloids wanda kowane irin dankalin turawa zai samar. Samun ainihin haɗin ƙwayoyin halitta yana da mahimmanci. Don mafi kyawun waƙa da dukkan playersan wasan etican wasan, dakin binciken Douches ya tsara dukkanin kwayar halittar waɗannan dankalin turawan da ke da juriya ga ƙwarin dankalin turawa na Colorado da waɗanda ke iya fuskantar kwaro. Daga nan Kaiser ya gano mahimman canje-canje a matakin DNA tsakanin dankalin da ya bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin bayanan su na sinadarai da kuma son kwaroron dankalin turawa.

Yanzu da yake mun san adadin kwayoyin halittar da ake buƙata don yin dasa dankalin turawa, ƙalubale na gaba shi ne canza duk ƙwayoyin halittar cikin dankalin turawa tare da wasu halaye masu kyau, kamar su yawan amfanin ƙasa da bayyanar tuber mai ƙayatarwa, ta hanyar raɗa ƙugu. Wannan tsari yana da rikitarwa ta yadda gaskiyar cewa al'adun dankalin turawa suna da kwafi huɗu na kowane kwayar halitta. Don sanya al'amura su zama masu rikitarwa, kowane ɗayan kwafi huɗu na iya zama nau'in jinsin daban. Yana da wuya a tabbatar cewa dukkan kwafin kwayoyin halittar da muke shaawa sune kwafin kyawawa da ake bukata don juriya.

Strategyaya daga cikin dabarun shawo kan wannan batun shine yin aiki tare da dankali wanda a zahiri yana da kwafi biyu na kowane kwayar halitta, waɗanda aka fi sani da dankali na diflomasiyya. Yawancin dangin dankalin turawa, gami da nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin ƙwaro na Colorado wanda ke samar da leptines, difloma ne. Ta hanyar gurɓata kai, Kaiser ya sami damar haɓaka layin difloma na inbred tare da juriya mai ƙarfi ga ƙwaron dankalin turawa na Colorado. Wadannan layin inbred din sun saukake tsarin kiwo saboda dabi'un sun zama na gaskiya, kamar iyayen biyu a cikin masarar ta masara. Zamu fi sauƙaƙa waƙa kan yadda ake gadon ƙwayoyin da ke tasiri ga juriya irin ƙwaro domin mun san kwafin kowace kwayar halitta da za su wuce tare da ɗiyansu.

Abin farin ciki, waɗannan sune layin inbred na farko waɗanda aka zaɓa don takamaiman halin juriya a cikin dankalin turawa! Mun ƙetare waɗannan layukan zuwa mafi kyawun layukanmu na kiwo. A cikin 2021, ƙungiyar MSU za ta bincika zuriya daga waɗannan gicciyen a cikin filin kuma za su duba don gano mutanen da ke da kyawawan halaye na tuber haɗe da juriya irin ƙwaro. Yin aiki tare da layin inbred, zamu iya fara ɗaukar juriya irin ƙwaro tare da wasu halaye, kamar juriya na cuta. 

Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin wannan tsarin mafi sauƙi, lab ɗin Douches yana amfani da kayan aikin zamani na zamani kamar gyaran kwayoyin halitta. Kaiser yana amfani da gyaran kwayar halitta don zabar kashe kwayoyin halitta, ko dai daya bayan daya ko a hade, don tantance ko suna da muhimmanci don kariyar tsirrai. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa wannan hanyar tana kashe kwayoyin halittar da suke cikin ɗankalin turawa kuma babu wasu ƙwayoyin halittar waje da aka gabatar. 

Saboda an san ƙwarin dankalin turawa na Colorado don saurin shawo kan magungunan ƙwari masu haɗari, Douches ya ba da shawarar cewa a aiwatar da wannan juriya ta tsire-tsire a cikin shirin IPM don tsawaita rayuwar wannan kayan aiki mai mahimmanci.

- Dave Douches, Ph.D., malami ne a Sashen Shuke-shuke, Soasa da Kimiyyar Microbial na Jami'ar Jihar Michigan. Ya jagoranci noman dankalin turawa da tsarin halittar jini fiye da shekaru 30. Natalie Kaiser, Ph.D. candidatean takara a Sashen Shuke-shuke na MSU, ilasa da Kimiyyar biwayar microbial da ke karatun kiwo da dangogin halittar dankalin turawa.

/ kimiyya-da-ilimi /