Andy Robinson Mataimakin Furofesa, Fadada dankalin turawa Agronomist North Dakota Jami'ar Jihar da Jami'ar Minnesota
Harlene Hatterman-Valenti Mataimakin Furofesa, Babban Cimar Amfanin Noma North Jami'ar Jihar Dakota
Dankali na iya rage yawan amfanin ƙasa da inganci a cikin yanayin girma lokacin da glyphosate ya shafa. Bayan haka, dankali dankali na iya adana ragowar glyphosate har zuwa shekara mai zuwa kuma lokacin da aka dasa shi suna iya samun matsalolin fitina wanda a ƙarshe zai iya rage yawan amfanin ƙasa.
Glyphosate ita ce maganin kashe ciyawar da aka saba amfani da ita a cikin aikin gona saboda ƙarancin kuɗi don sarrafa ciyawar da kuma ciyawar da ke yaduwa yayin haɓakar waken soya, masara, canola da sukari beets kuma a matsayin magani na farkon girbi don amfanin gona da yawa, ciki har da ƙananan hatsi da canola .
Lokacin da wadannan jiyya suka faru kusa da dankalin turawa ko tankin feshi iri ɗaya ana amfani dasu don kula da dankali, damar glyphosate mai zuwa da shuke-shuke dankalin yana ƙaruwa. Kowace shekara, yawancin rahoton raunin glyphosate a cikin dankali ana ba da rahoton a North Dakota da Minnesota.
Dalilin wannan littafin shine bayyana alamun cututtukan glyphosate a cikin tsire-tsire dankalin turawa da iri da suka girma tare da ragowar glyphosate.
Dankali Ya Fallasa Glyphosate
Ana iya fuskantar dankalin turawa zuwa glyphosate ta hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da gutsurin barbashi, gurɓatar tanki, gurɓatarwar gurɓataccen ruwa, juyawa da magani a wurin.
Hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa dankali ya haɗu da glyphosate zai kasance ta hanyar yawo da maganin feshi ko gurɓatar tanki. Za'a iya rage saurin fesa cikin hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da gyare-gyare don ƙarar dako, zabin bututun ƙarfe, matsin ruwan feshi, tsayin bunƙuru da saurin tafiya. Bugu da kari, yin feshi a kusa da dankalin turawa ya kamata ya faru ne kawai lokacin da saurin iska ya kasance tsakanin mil 3 zuwa 10 a kowace awa kuma iska tana busawa daga wurare masu matukar wahala. Wannan na iya haɗawa da rashin feshin iyakokin kusa da dankalin turawa.
Ya kamata a tsaftace tankunan fesa tare da masu tsabtace tanki da kyau kuma a tsabtace su sosai kafin amfani da su a cikin dankali. Masu kerawa na iya yin la'akari da samun tanki na feshi wanda aka keɓe don dankali kawai kuma ba'a taɓa amfani dashi don fesa glyphosate. Kuskure na iya faruwa yayin da aka fesa wani with glyphosate ba da niyya ba, ko kuma wataƙila, lokacin da aka fantsama cikin fesa fesa kuma ana amfani da maganin fesawa a layukan waje na dankalin turawa makwabta.
Wani abin damuwa ga masu noman dankalin shine zai sarrafa ciyawar tare da glyphosate kafin fitowar dankalin turawa. Idan tsiron dankalin turawa yana fasawa ta saman kasa, zasu iya mu'amala da kwayayen feshi.
Ana haifar da jujjuyawar ta hanyar tsayayyiyar iska kuma tana da galibi lokacin da saurin iska bai kai mil 3 a awa ba kuma murfin gajimare bai kai kashi 25 ba. A wajan wannan yanayi, karfin gantali ya fi yawa daga awanni uku zuwa hudu bayan zazzabi mai yawa na yini har zuwa awanni biyu zuwa uku bayan fitowar rana. Ana dakatar da abubuwan feshi a cikin iska yayin jujjuyawar abubuwa, kamar dai ana iya lura da ƙura, hazo ko hayaƙi a cikin waɗannan yanayin.
Hakanan dankalin turawa zai iya haduwa da glyphosate lokacin da maganin tabo ke faruwa a cikin babba ko a gefen gefen gefen. Kasancewa da sanin saitin mai fesawa da yanayin muhalli na iya taimakawa rage yunƙurin maganin ciyawa akan amfanin gona mai mahimmanci, kamar dankali.
Glyphosate akan Ci gaban Shuka
Lokacin da glyphosate ya sadu da dankali a lokacin noman, zai iya haifar da lalacewar ganye da tubers, kuma ya rage yawan amfanin gona da dankalin kasuwa.
Glyphosate ya shiga cikin dankalin turawa ta cikin ganyayyaki sannan ya canza zuwa wuraren girma a sama da kasa. Yayin ci gaban tuber ‘ya mace, tubers suna aiki ne a matsayin“ nutsewa, ”ko kuma wurin tara assimilates da ganye da sauran mahaukatan mahaɗan ke fitarwa (kamar glyphosate) waɗanda shuka ta sauya.
Raunin Glyphosate na iya bayyana kamar launin rawaya ko necrosis a cikin ganye matasa, kuma tsire-tsire na iya yin tuntuɓe a cikin girma (Hoto 1).
Alamar cututtukan Tuber na iya haɗawa da fashewar fata, tubers mara kyau da mutuwar nama wanda ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu ke mamaye tubers (Hoto na 2).
Yayinda tubers da suka ji rauni suka cigaba zuwa matakin girma, fasa da nakasassu zasu kara girma. Wannan rage marketability na tubers. Irin wannan fasawar na iya zama kuskuren fashewar ci gaba, amma nazarin samfuran da yawa da tura tubers zuwa dakunan gwaje-gwaje don gwada ragowar ciyawar na iya taimaka wajan gano dalilin raunin. Lokacin da ake amfani da glyphosate ba daidai ba kuma yawancin haɗuwa sun haɗu da tsire-tsire dankalin turawa, ganye da mutuwar tuber na iya faruwa (Figures 3 da 4). Mutuwar ƙwayar tuber yana ƙara damar ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu waɗanda ke mamaye tuber.
Tasirin Ragowar Glyphosate a cikin Dankalin Dankali.
Sa potan dankalin turawa waɗanda suka haɗu da glyphosate za su bayyana alamun alamun da aka ambata a baya. Abin da ya fi banbanci don ganewa shine lokacin da glyphosate ya sadu da dankali a ƙarshen bulking ko farkon matakin tsufa saboda ƙarancin, idan akwai, ana lura da alamun cutar akan ganye ko tubers. Tubers na iya samun yanayin jiki na yau da kullun amma suna da glyphosate a cikin ƙwayar wanda zai iya haifar da matsaloli iri-iri na shuki a shekara mai zuwa.
Babban matakin ragowar glyphosate a cikin kwayar dankalin turawa na iya:
• Cire dukkan tsiro gaba daya • Sanadiyyar “Cauli flwer” samuwar harbe-harbe a idanun dankalin (Hoto na 5)
Matsakaicin matsakaici na glyphosate na iya haifar da:
• Kuskure da sannu a hankali (Hoto na 6) • Fadada harbe (Hoto na 7) • Sau da yawa suna fitowa daga ido daya (Hoto na 8) • “Candelabra” samuwar harbe (Hoto na 9)
Amountsananan glyphosate a cikin ƙwayar dankalin turawa na iya haifar da:
• plantanƙasasshen tsire-tsire waɗanda ke lanƙwasawa, karkatarwa da rawayawar sabbin ganye (Hoto na 10, Shafi na 6) • Swarfin harbewa da raguwa ko ƙaruwa (Hoto na 11, Shafi 6)
Bambance-bambance a matakan rooting na iya zama sakamakon nitsuwa ne na glyphosate, muhalli ko kuma noman dankalin turawa. Samun jinkiri ko jinkirta zai rage girma da ci gaban shuke-shuke, wanda zai iya rage girman tuber, lambar tuber da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Girman wannan tasirin zai dogara ne akan yanayin girma, adadin glyphosate a cikin ƙwayar dankalin turawa da kuma adadin lokacin da fitowar ta yi jinkiri.
Da zarar tsire-tsire daga iri na dankalin turawa tare da ragowar glyphosate sun fara haɓakar ganye na yau da kullun, tsire-tsire suna neman su iya detoxify ko narkewar glyphosate ɗin. Don haka, ragowar glyphosate ba sanannu ne da zasu kai ga jikokin ɗiya ba.
Gudun Glyphosate a cikin Shuke-shuken Dankali
Idan ana zargin glyphosate ya tuntubi amfanin dankalin turawa a lokacin noman, yi bincike game da rauni na hali na glyphosate kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya. Rubuta raunin ta hanyar yin rikodin duk bayanan da zai yiwu, gami da alamun alamun rauni da aka lura da su, yin taswirar yankin da rauni ke faruwa da ɗaukar hotuna masu inganci.
Idan ana zargin ragowar glyphosate a cikin kwayar dankalin turawa, yi nazari a hankali ga tsire-tsire da yawa a cikin babba don alamun da aka bayyana a baya. Ofaya daga cikin abubuwan farko da zaku lura shine cewa baza ku kiyaye kowane irin rauni a cikin becausealib ba saboda iri da glyphosate ya shafa ana gauraya shi a lokacin girbi, a wurin ajiya da kuma shuka tare da seeda seedan tsaba waɗanda baza su gurɓata da glyphosate ba. Tsirrai masu dankalin turawa wadanda glyphosate ta shafa zasu bayyana matakai daban-daban na alamomin saboda nau'ikan iri galibi suna da matakan glyphosate daban-daban a cikin kowane tuber.
A hankali a rubuce duk alamun cutar kuma a dauki hoto mai inganci (a tabbatar an wanke kasa daga tubers da saiwa). Kiyasta adadin tubers da abin ya shafa ta hanyar kirga yawan tsire-tsire masu illa ga glyphosate a layi mai kafa 25 a akalla wurare uku na the Eli.
Leaves Ana iya aikawa da ganyen da aka cire da tuber zuwa dakunan gwaje-gwaje masu tabbatar da ragowar glyphosate. Don ƙara yiwuwar gano ciyawar, zaɓi tubers ko ganye tare da ɓarna mafi girma jim kaɗan bayan an lura da raunin ciyawar. Ka tuna cewa binciken dakunan gwaje-gwaje na iya ɗaukar makonni da yawa don kammalawa kuma alamun cutar na iya raguwa ta hanyar karɓar sakamakon.
Duba “Jagorar Sarrafa ciyawar Arewacin Dakota” (www.ndsu.edu/weeds) don bayani kan dakunan gwaje-gwaje da suka gwada ragowar ciyawar. Don kyakkyawan sakamako, yi amfani da dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda zai iya gano ragowar glyphosate zuwa kashi 0.01 a cikin miliyan (ppm).
Contact A hanzarta tuntuɓar duk ɓangarorin da kamfanonin inshorar da abin ya shafa domin a kai wa maigidan ziyara don tabbatar da sahihan bayanai. Yi bitar ƙa'idodin dokar jiharku don neman haƙƙin biyan kuɗin. Don ƙarin bayani, duba "Takaddun shaida don Tsammani na Driarɓar Ganyayyaki," SUarin fadada NDSU W253.
Duk hotunan Andy Robinson ne
tushe: www.ag.ndsu.edu