Awash a cikin tekun 'yan uwansa, wani ganyen masara da aka mayar da shi zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci na ƙwanƙwasa yana ciyar da yawancin rana na Yuni a cikin inuwar da manyan masu tasowa suka yi.
Daga nan sai wani gust ya fara turawa, ja da murza fikafikan kakin zuma a cikin kide-kide, yana fasa taga zuwa kwallon wuta mai nisan mil miliyan 93. Yana da babbar dama, mai daraja ga photosynthesis don canza hasken rana zuwa abinci. Abin baƙin ciki shine, kwatankwacin mai kariyar haɓaka-wanda ya samo asali don taimakawa tsire-tsire don rage lalacewar da ba zato ba tsammani na babban haske mai ƙarfi-yana jinkirin sake saitawa bayan lokaci mai tsawo a cikin inuwa. Gust ɗin ya watse, lokacin da ya wuce kafin ganye da ɗakin dafa abinci na wayar salula su iya cin moriyarsu.
Darajar lokacin rani na waɗannan mintuna amma da aka rasa damar girbi haske na iya kashe gonakin masara, da waɗanda suke noma su, wani kaso mai yawa na girbin girbin da suke bayarwa a cikin kaka. Ta kwanan nan ganowa da auna tasirin sabbi kwayoyin wanda ke tsara mai ba da kariya, Jami'ar Nebraska-Lincoln's Kasia Glowacka da abokan aiki na iya taimakawa haɓaka yawan amfanin gona da sama da kashi 20%.
Wanne ba don rage mahimmancin kariya ba, wanda ke tafiya da sunan rashin hoto na quenching, ko NPQ, kuma yana iya canza haske zuwa zafi a duk lokacin da shuka ya sha fiye da tsohon fiye da yadda zai iya sanyawa zuwa photosynthesis. Rashin yanke da'irar sinadarai, bayan haka, na iya haifar da tarin iskar oxygen mai guba wanda ke lalata DNA kuma yana iya kashe tantanin halitta. Amma ma'aunin aminci yana da fa'ida: Da sannu a hankali ya shakata kuma ya ci gaba da barin hasken mai da aka sha photosynthesis, yawan hasken da ke ba da kuzari yana ɓata.
"Lokacin da kuke tunani daga hangen nesa na chloroplast a cikin wani kwayar shuka, Rayuwa tana da wahala kwarai da gaske,” in ji Glowacka, mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin nazarin halittu a Nebraska. "Kowane 'yan dakiku, yanayin yana canzawa."
A cikin 2016, Glowacka ya ba da gudummawa ga binciken da ke nuna cewa an yarda da haɓaka ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta guda uku. shuke -shuken taba don kunnawa da kashe NPQ a cikin sauri da sauri, yana ba shi kariya mafi kyau da ingantaccen photosynthesis. Wannan taba, bi da bi, ya samar da ganye kusan 20% girma, tare da kwaikwaiyo da ke nuna cewa ko da babban riba na iya yiwuwa. Binciken da aka yi a baya ya gano cewa wannan fasaha na iya haifar da irin wannan fa'ida a cikin waken soya-ba kawai ga ganye ba, amma wake, ma.
Amma taba da waken soya suna amfani da nau'in photosynthesis daban-daban fiye da masara, dawa, rake da sauran albarkatu da yawa waɗanda suka fi dacewa da yanayin zafi da bushewa - amfanin gona waɗanda amfanin gona dole ne ya ƙaru don taimakawa ciyar da mutane biliyan 10 da ake sa ran za su mamaye duniya nan da shekara ta 2050. Glowacka ya yi mamaki. ko kwayoyin halittar da suka yi rikodin ayyukan NPQ a cikin ɗayan na iya taka rawa iri ɗaya a ɗayan. Ko da sun yi, Glowacka da James Schnable na Nebraska sun nuna cewa dole ne a sami wasu kwayoyin halittar da ke taimakawa tsari mai rikitarwa kamar NPQ.
Sun yi gaskiya. Binciken su ya fara ne da wahala a cikin filayen lokacin bazara na 2020 da 2021, lokacin da ƙungiyar ta dasa masara sama da 700 daban-daban na kwayoyin halitta a Farmakin Bincike na Havelock da ke arewa maso gabashin Lincoln. Shirin Glowacka: Nemo bambance-bambance a cikin aikin NPQ a tsakanin layin, sannan kuyi ƙoƙarin fitar da waɗanne kwayoyin halitta ne ke da alhakin waɗannan bambance-bambance. Har yanzu, hanyoyin da ake da su don auna NPQ, Glowacka ya sani, suna da tsada da cin lokaci. Fiye da haka, sun yi ƙoƙari su daidaita bambance-bambancen yau da kullun a cikin hasken kowane layi na haske, mai yuwuwar lalata ingancin duk wani binciken.
Maimakon daidaitawa, Glowacka ta haɓaka hanyarta. Tawagar ta yi amfani da bututun rami da aka gyara don fitar da kananan samfurori daga ganyen kowane layi a filin. A baya a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, masu binciken sun ba da samfuran nama kusan kwana ɗaya don daidaitawa zuwa duhu, a ƙarshe suna auna haskensu - wakili don photosynthesis da NPQ - kafin da bayan fallasa su zuwa walƙiya na haske. Maimakon auna samfurin ɗaya kowane minti 20, ƙungiyar ta sami damar ɗaukar samfurori 96 akan wannan tazara.
Masu binciken sun gano cewa saurin da girman martanin NPQ ya bambanta sosai a tsakanin layin, gaskiyar da ta taimaka sauƙaƙe binciken duk wani sabon kwayoyin halittar da ke iya haifar da bambancin masara. Kwatanta layin' lambar kwayar halitta, ƙetare-ƙira da bambance-bambance a cikin aikin NPQ, ƙarshe ya bayyana 'yan takarar jinsi guda shida masu ban sha'awa. Da yawa daga cikin waɗancan 'yan takarar sun riga sun saba da ƙungiyar. Wasu ba—ciki har da wanda ake kira PSI3, wanda ya gabatar da ƙarin wannan bambancin fiye da kowane ɗan takara.
Bayan gano takwarorinsu na waɗancan kwayoyin halitta guda shida a cikin Arabidopsis, a ciyawar fure da aka saba amfani da shi don yin karatu ilmin halitta shuka, Tawagar ta ci gaba da yin odar mutants: tsaban Arabidopsis kowanne ba shi da daya daga cikin kwayoyin halitta guda shida. A cikin duka shida na maye gurbi, mai karewa gabaɗaya ya kasance mai jinkirin amsawa a ƙarƙashin fitilun amma kuma a hankali don shakatawa lokacin da fitilu suka kashe. Kololuwar NPQ sun kasance ƙasa da ƙasa, suma, da ramuka mafi girma, suna ba da shawarar cewa tsire-tsire duka sun yi ƙasa da ƙasa kuma sun ɓata ƙarin hasken da ke akwai don photosynthesis.
Gano waɗannan kwayoyin halitta, haɗe tare da adadin bambancin NPQ na halitta a cikin layin masara, na iya buɗe hanyar kiwo. tsire-tsire mafi kyawun amfani da hasken rana mai haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa, in ji masu binciken. A cikin mafi kyawun yanayin, Schnable ya ce, waɗannan ƙoƙarin na iya haifar da 'ya'ya a cikin ƙasa da rabin shekaru goma sha biyu.
Idan sun yi haka, sakamakon zai iya tabbatar da alheri ga masu kiwon amfanin gona a yanzu suna binciken kowace hanya don hana ƙarancin abinci a duniya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
"Za mu iya samun kashi 22% na yawan amfanin gona daga amfanin gona, mai yuwuwa, idan za mu hanzarta NPQ," in ji Glowacka.
Ganin cewa masu binciken sun fara binciken ne a farkon shekarar 2020, yunƙurinsu na taimakawa wajen kawo ƙarshen rikicin da ke tafe a duniya yana nufin magance na zamani. Biyu daga cikin membobin tawagar, Seema Sahay da Marcin Grzybowski, ba da jimawa ba sun isa Amurka—kwanan nan ya isa cewa babu wanda ya sami lasisin tuƙi. Kafin COVID-19, su biyun sun yi tafiya zuwa gonakin Bincike na Havelock.
Ka'idojin jami'a da aka tsara don sassauta yaduwar cutar, kodayake, sun sanya wannan zaɓi na ɗan lokaci. Ba tare da damuwa ba, Sahay da Grzybowski a kai a kai suna yin hawan keke kusan mil bakwai zuwa gonar bincike-tafiya na fiye da minti 30 a cikin zafi da zafi na lokacin rani na Nebraska.
"Seema da Marcin," in ji Glowacka, "su ne ainihin jaruman wannan gwaji."
An buga wannan binciken a mujallar Sabon Likitan Jiki.