Lokacin da masanin ilimin halitta Andy Jensen ya ziyarci masu noman dankalin turawa game da kwari da cututtuka da za su iya haifar da babbar illa ga amfanin gonakinsu, ya mai da hankali kan mahimman bayanai don taimaka musu su guje wa matsala a fagen.
Wannan yana da gaskiya ga psyllids dankalin turawa da kuma yuwuwar cutar da ke haifar da guntun zebra (ZC), in ji Jensen, kocin na Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Dankali ta Arewa maso Yamma, wacce ke kula da tallafin bincike don kwamitocin dankalin turawa na Idaho, Oregon da Washington.
Dankali Psyllids 101
"The dankalin turawa psyllid wani hadadden kwari," in ji Jensen. "Suna da alaƙa da aphids, amma psyllids dole ne su sanya ƙwai yayin da aphids ke haifuwa matasa."
Tsarin kwayoyin halitta na psyllids shima ya bambanta, wanda ke haifar da matsaloli na musamman ga masu noma a cikin Pacific Northwest (PNW).
A cewar David Horton, masanin ilimin halittu tare da Sabis na Binciken Aikin Noma na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA-ARS) a Wapato, Wash., "Mafi yawan yankuna masu girma a yammacin kogin Mississippi-inda dankalin turawa psyllids ke faruwa-suna da nau'in kwayoyin halitta guda daya, amma PNW sabon abu ne saboda yana da uku. "
Wannan batu yana ƙarawa ga rikitaccen kulawar psyllid a cikin PNW, kuma yana iya tasiri ga masu shuka a wasu wurare idan kwayoyin halitta na psyllids ya ci gaba da haɓakawa da / ko psyllids suna motsawa zuwa sababbin wurare.
Identification And Lifecycle
Dankali psyllid yana tafiya ta hanyar kwai, nymph da matakan rayuwa na manya, duk waɗannan suna da wuyar ganewa.
Ƙwai masu siffar ƙwallon ƙafa ƙanana ne kuma suna kan ɗan gajeren lokaci (lokacin da za a leƙa, ɗaukar gilashin ƙara girma ko ruwan tabarau na hannu 10x). Ƙwai yawanci suna kan ƙasa kuma tare da gefuna na ganye.
Nymphs suna kama da ma'auni mai laushi ko fari, amma ba kamar ma'auni ko farar kwari ba, suna motsawa da sauri lokacin da suke damuwa.
Manya suna kama da ƙananan cicadas, tsayin kusan inci 0.08. Yawancinsu baƙar fata ne, amma suna da alamun fari, kuma fikafikan fikafikan su suna kan rufin sama-kamar jikinsu. Lokacin da damuwa, sukan yi tsalle.
Da dankalin turawa psyllid iya cika tsara cikin kasa da wata guda ƙarƙashin ingantattun yanayi, bisa ga Tsawancin Arewa maso Yamma na Pacific.
Ya zuwa yau, masana kimiyya sun gano nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan dankalin turawa guda hudu daban-daban a Arewacin Amurka, tare da shaidar da ke fitowa game da bambance-bambance a tsakanin su ta fuskar jima'i da muhalli. Muhimmancin waɗannan nau'ikan halittu da ko ɗaya ko duka suna da alaƙa da ZC har yanzu ba a fahimta sosai ba.
Abin da aka fahimta, ko da yake, shine ZC na ci gaba da yin barazana ga noman dankalin turawa a yammacin kogin Mississippi.
Lalacewar amfanin gona
Tun lokacin da cutar ta fara bayyana a Idaho, Oregon da Washington dankali a cikin 2011, wasu filayen sun zarce matsakaicin kashi 15 cikin XNUMX na abubuwan da suka faru na ZC - kofa na kin amincewa da sabon kasuwa, in ji Erik Wenninger, farfesa a fannin ilimin dabbobi na Jami'ar Idaho.
ZC yana sa sukari ya taru a ko'ina cikin tuber maimakon sitaci. Lokacin da aka soyayyen dankali, layin sukari ya zama baƙar fata, yana haifar da tasiri mai launin baki da fari da ɗanɗano mai ɗaci.
Bugu da ƙari, shuke-shuken dankalin turawa suna haifar da ƙananan tubers, kuma asara daga kashi 20 zuwa 50 an ruwaito.
Don yada ZC, psyllids dankalin turawa dole ne su ɗauki Liberibacter kwayoyin cuta, wanda suke samu ta hanyar ciyar da tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta kuma ta hanyar uwa zuwa zuriya.
Manoman kuma dole ne su damu game da lalacewar shukar dankalin turawa kai tsaye sakamakon yawan psyllids, wanda ke haifar da launin rawaya da murɗa-kuma, a lokuta masu tsanani, mutuwar shuka.
Kasuwanci
Gano yadda ya kamata tare da ci gaba da zazzagewa shine matakin farko da manoma za su iya ɗauka don guje wa barnar amfanin gona.
Daga cikin daruruwan nau'in psyllid da ke faruwa a Amurka, Wenninger ya ce, "Psyllid dankalin turawa ne kawai ke haifar da lalacewa ga dankali, don haka koyi yadda ake gane manya da nymphs daidai."
Jensen ya kara da cewa: “Sa ido yana da matukar muhimmanci, kuma mafi kyawu. Yi amfani da duk wata dabarar da kuka ji daɗi da ita, ko tarko mai santsi na rawaya ko wata hanya dabam (misali, sharar gida ko samfurin vacuum). Idan ya zo ga tarkuna masu ɗaki, bincika kuma maye gurbin su aƙalla sau ɗaya a mako, sau da yawa idan za ku iya.
Tun da babu wani matakin aiki da ya wanzu don psyllids a cikin dankalin turawa, "kofar aiki shine gano psyllids dankalin turawa a kowane mataki a kowane matakin rayuwa," a cewar Dankali Psyllid Vector na Cutar Chip Chip a cikin Pacific Northwest.
Kuma tunda waɗannan masu sukar suna ci gaba da tafiya, kuyi aiki tare da maƙwabta tunda kuna iya shafar matsalolin maƙwabta kuma suna iya shafar matsalolin ku.
Idan akwai, yi amfani da shirye-shiryen sa ido kan yanki, gami da waɗanda jami'o'i ke bayarwa.
Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Gudanarwa Don Sarrafa Psyllids
An hadedde kwaro management Shirin (IPM), gami da mafi kyawun ayyukan gudanarwa masu zuwa, na iya taimakawa sarrafa psyllids dankalin turawa da hana yaduwar su na ZC:
- Ba da ruwa da taki yadda ya kamata don rage yawan jama'a na psyllids da sauran kwari masu cutarwa waɗanda suke ciyarwa ta hanyar tsotsa ruwan 'ya'yan itace da phylloem ɗin shuka ya samar (nas ɗin tsire-tsire masu sarrafa abinci) ta hanyar bakin baki.
- Kare kwari masu fa'ida - ladybugs, lacewings, manyan idanu masu ido, kwari damsel da bugu na 'yan fashi na mintina, da sauransu - kuma, idan zai yiwu, samar da wurin zama ciki har da tsire-tsire masu fure. Bisa lafazin SCRI Zebra Chip, yawancin waɗannan kwari suna jin daɗin psyllids don abincin dare.
- Yi amfani da magungunan kashe qwari cikin adalci a duk lokacin girma yayin da suka kasance mafi kyawun kayan aiki don sarrafa psyllids dankalin turawa da taimakawa hana ZC. Akwai adadin tsire-tsire da ƙwayoyin kwari a kasuwa waɗanda ke ba da kulawar psyllid na tsawon lokaci kuma suna da abokantaka-kwari.
- Yi aiki tare da masana ilimin halitta, masu ilimin haɓakawa da sauran ƙwararru don haɓaka tsarin sarrafawa, da jujjuya hanyoyin aiki, a wani ɓangare, don guje wa juriya na kwari.
Bayer Solutions
Movento da kuma Sivanto Prime, magungunan kwari guda biyu daga Bayer, suna ci gaba da samun suna a tsakanin masu noman dankalin turawa don sarrafa psyllids.
Movento yana fasalta aiki mai ƙarfi na tsari guda biyu wanda ke motsawa cikin tsire-tsire don kare su daga ɗimbin kwari da kwari. nematodes, sama da ƙasa ƙasa, samar da tsire-tsire masu jure wa kwari da amfanin gona masu koshin lafiya.
Sivanto, a halin yanzu, yana kai hari daidai psyllids da sauran manyan kwari ciki har da aphids.
"Movento yana da iko mai kyau na saura, yayin da Sivanto ya dakatar da lalacewa da sauri saboda yana da sauri da kuma karfi na dakatar da ciyarwa akan psyllids," in ji Monte Sorensen, manajan samfurin Bayer na maganin kwari. "Suna da nau'ikan ayyuka daban-daban don haka sun dace sosai a cikin tsarin nau'in juyawa don hana juriya na psyllid."
A saman wannan, Sorensen ya jadada cewa: "Dukansu samfuran, idan aka yi amfani da su bisa ga lakabin, suna iya adana kwari masu amfani kuma suna dacewa da tsare-tsaren IPM."
Movento da Sivanto na iya bin maganin kwari irin su Bayer's Admire® Pro maganin kashe kwari.
Don ƙarin bayani game da waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan sarrafa psyllid, haka kuma Oberon® da kuma Leverage® 360 maganin kwari, da fatan za a tuntuɓi wakilin ku na Bayer.
Koyaushe karanta kuma bi umarnin lakabi.