Shin kuna amfani da magunguna masu dacewa don kariya ga cututtukan dankalin turawa da kuke ƙoƙarin sarrafawa? Fahimtar yadda kayan gwari aiki na iya taimaka muku zaɓi samfurin da ya dace ku yi amfani da shi don kyakkyawan sakamako. Anan ga wasu abubuwan da yakamata kuyi la’akari da su yayin da kuke yin tsare-tsare don kula da cututtuka a kakar wasa mai zuwa.
San Kwayar cuta
Yawancin nau'ikan cututtuka daban-daban suna haifar da cututtuka na shuka: fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, phytoplasmas, ƙwayoyin cuta, da sauransu. A cikin dankali, naman gwari na gaskiya, Alternaria solani, yana haifar da kumburin wuri.
Lightarshen rana yana haifar da Magungunan Phytophthora, mai tsada. Wannan yana da mahimmanci a sani, saboda kayan gwari masu sarrafa fungi na gaskiya ba koyaushe suke sarrafa oomycetes ba, kuma akasin haka.
Kwayar cuta wanda ke da alaƙa da protozoa fiye da fungi, Ongaramar Spongospora f. sp. subterranea, yana haifar da scab foda. Babu wani iko mai kyau don scab foda da zarar an shigar da ƙwayar cuta a cikin filin - babu magungunan fungicides da ke kaiwa irin wannan nau'in pathogen.
Nau'o'in Naman gwari
Muna amfani da kalmar "fungicides" don bayyana nau'ikan biocides da yawa waɗanda sarrafa pathogens. Amma yawancin fungicides suna kai hari kan takamaiman ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Zai fi dacewa a kira su azaman fungicides, oomyticides [sic], bactericides, nematicides, da dai sauransu.
Broad Spectrum vs. rowananan Sakanni
Fungicides kamar chlorothalonil (misali, Bravo, Echo), metiram (msl. . Samfurai da kayayyakin da ke dauke da sulfur suna da wasu abubuwa game da fungi, oomycetes, da ƙwayoyin cuta. Waɗannan samfuran sune keɓaɓɓu maimakon doka - yawancin kayan gwari sun fi ƙanƙantar da makami.
Mai karewa vs. Curative, Saduwa da systemic
Ana amfani da kayan gwari masu kariya ga tsire-tsire masu lafiya don hana ƙwayoyin cuta girma ko shiga cikin ƙwayoyin tsire-tsire, amma ba za su iya warkar da cututtukan da ke akwai ba kuma dole ne a yi amfani da su kafin shuka ta kamu. Yawancin masu kariya suna tuntuɓar kayan gwari masu laushi waɗanda ke manne wa tsire-tsire kuma ba sa shiga cikin shuka. Duk samfuran samfuran da aka ambata a sama sun dace da wannan rukunin.
Magungunan fungic na iya aiki a cikin tsire don dakatar da haɓakar ƙwayar cuta. Suna aiki mafi kyau yayin amfani da su kafin kamuwa da cuta ko kuma cikin awanni na farko ko ranakun kamuwa da cutar, amma magungunan kashe gwari ba za su dakatar da ɓarkewar cuta mai ci gaba ba. Magungunan fungic masu yawanci tsari ne, wanda ke nufin tsiron yana shafan su kuma ana canza shi zuwa wani mataki zuwa wasu ɓangarorin shuka.
"Tsarin tsari" Fungicides
Magungunan funji da aka sanya su a matsayin "tsarin" yawanci ana raba su gida uku dangane da yadda zasu iya motsawa cikin shuka:
- Fassarar
- Tsarin cikin xylem
- Cikakken tsari a cikin phloem
- Translaminar Naman gwari
Translaminar kayan gwari sun bazu kusa da saman ganye ko kutsawa ta jikin kayan shuka, amma karka motsa a cikin kwayar halittar jijiyoyin. Idan aikace-aikacen kayan gwari naka kawai ya rufe saman ganyayyaki, kayayyakin translaminar zasu iya matsawa gaba da ganye zuwa ƙananan ƙasa. Koyaya, ganye ƙasa a cikin alfarwa kuma waɗanda ke girma bayan aikace-aikacen ba za a kiyaye su ba. kanun labarai (pyraclostobin, BASF) da saƙa (boscalid, BASF) magungunan kashe qwari ne masu fassara waɗanda za su iya yin tasiri wajen sarrafa cutar da wuri idan aka yi amfani da su azaman wani ɓangare na shirin feshin kariya akai-akai.
Ya kamata a yi amfani da waɗannan samfuran a cikin juyawa tare da sauran fungicides waɗanda suka bambanta a yanayin aikin su don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. A. Solani haɓaka juriya a gare su (duba www.frac.info don ƙarin bayani game da juriya kayan gwari).
Fungicides masu tsari
Magungunan fungicides da aka sauya a cikin xylem suna da mahimmanci motsawa zuwa cikin hanyar gaba ta hanyar shuka, tunda xylem yana motsa ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki galibi a hanya ɗaya - daga asalinsu zuwa ganye. Waɗannan kayan gwari ba za su sake rarraba abubuwa da yawa zuwa ƙananan alfarwa ba yayin da kawai aka shafa su zuwa saman shukar. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa alamun kayan samfurin translaminar da na xylem-mobile systemic fungicides suka jaddada mahimmancin ɗaukar hoto iri ɗaya. Koyaya, kayan gwari na xylem-mobile na iya motsawa sama don kare sabon ci gaba matukar abubuwan da ke cikin tsiron sun isa.
Don sarrafa cututtukan da ƙasa ke ɗauke da su, ana amfani da wasu magungunan fungicides kai tsaye ga ƙasa, galibi azaman feshi a cikin fure a dasa shuki ko azaman aikace-aikacen haɗin kan layi bayan fitowar tsiro. Misalan kayan gwari na xylem-mobile da ake amfani da su ta wannan hanyar sune Zinariyar Ridomil (mefenoxam, Syngenta) don ruɓaɓɓen ruwan hoda da Parfafa pythium, kuma kwatangwalo (azoxystrobin, Syngenta) don sarrafa Rhizoctonia kara canker ko azurfa scurf. Wadannan kayan gwari ba za su rasa abin da suke so ba (asalinsu, kayan kwalliya, ko tubers) idan aikace-aikace kawai sun rufe ganye.
Cikakken Tsarin Gida
An canza kayan aikin fungicides na tsari a cikin phloem, wanda ke motsa photosynthates da wasu abubuwan gina jiki sama da kasa shukar. Kayan sinadarin phosphorus (misali, Fostrol, NuFarm) sune kawai cikakken tsarin fungicides. Idan kun yi amfani da su zuwa ga foliage, za su iya motsawa cikin dukan shuka. Masu noma sukan yi amfani da waɗannan samfuran a cikin foliage tare da manufar kare tubers daga cututtuka kamar ruɓar ruwan hoda da busassun marigayi.
Abin takaici, akwai rashin fahimta gama gari cewa kalmar "systemic" a kan lakabin kayan gwari na nufin samfurin zai motsa a cikin shuka. Mafi yawan kayan gwari wadanda lakabin ya ce “tsarinsu” ana sauya su ne ta hanyar xylem. Rashin sanin wannan na iya haifar da babban tasiri kan yadda aikace-aikacen kayan gwari kuke sarrafa cutar da ake so.