Tafiyar awa biyar ce zuwa yammacin Yuganda zuwa Cibiyar Kachwekano ta Zonal Research and Development Institute (KaZARDI), inda ake kiwon dankalin GM na Irish. Barka da maraba ga baƙi ta hanyar shuke-shuke masu neman lafiya, jigon gwajin ƙasar dankalin turawa da ke gudana.
Kungiyar manoman da ke aikin noman dankalin turawa da noman iri sun zo rangadi a cibiyar. Daraktan KaZARDI, Alex Barekye ya bayyana wa manoman cewa har yanzu ana ci gaba da bincike kan tsirran kuma da alama za a sake su a shekara mai zuwa, amma sai idan gwamnati ta ba ta koren haske. Wasu daga cikin manoman da suka kawo ziyarar sun katse shi, a wasu lokuta suna neman a samu wadataccen iri dankalin turawa. Charles Byarugaba, manomi dankalin turawa dan kasuwa kuma shugaban masu yawan noman dankalin Turawa a Kabale, Uganda, ya kalubalanci masana kimiyya.
"Muna son GMO dankalin turawa yanzunnan," in ji shi. "Za ku iya ci gaba da bin wadancan hanyoyin na doka amma ba dole ne ya shafi mu manoma ba saboda muna bukatar nau'o'in iri dake jure wa dankalin turawa." Fellowan uwansa manoman sun ce idan ba a ba su irin ƙwaya ba, babu yadda za a yi sai su mallake su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Abun takaici, siyasar noma a kasar Uganda, musamman idan akazo kan cigaban fasahar kere-kere, duk ya dakile aiwatar da manyan fasahohi. Manoman kasar na fuskantar kalubale matuka.
"Abubuwan da muke shuka suna fuskantar lalacewa kuma babu wasu sanannun hanyoyin da za a iya magance sabbin kwari da cututtuka ban da amfani da kimiyyar kere-kere," in ji Dr Wilberforce Tushemeirwe, wani fitaccen masanin kimiyya, yana da ya ce. Kayan amfanin gona kamar su rogo, ayaba da dankali mai zaki suna fuskantar bacewa saboda cututtukan amfanin gona marasa magani. Masassarar tana fuskantar farmaki daga ƙungiyar tsutsa mai faɗuwa. Auduga wacce ita ce amfanin gona ta tabbatar da wahalar shukawa a cikin Uganda saboda cutar kwari da ake fama da ita, wanda fasahar GM ke dauke da shi a wasu kasashe da yawa.
The Tsarin Injiniyan Injiniya doka, wacce a da ake kira da National Biotechnology and Biosafety bill sau biyu ya kusan zuwa sanya hannu a kan doka. Hakan zai bayar da damar samar da tsari da kuma amfani da irin shuka da aka canza a cikin kasar, sannan zai samar da hanyar da za a iya amfani da dabarun samar da fasahar kere kere a cikin wasu kasashen da dama, gami da sauran kasashen Afirka. Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin adawa na GM suna ta aiki don tabbatar da cewa ba a zartar da dokar GERA ba. Shugaban majalisar Rebbeca Kadaga ya goyi bayan dokar kuma a lokuta biyu ya yi kokarin samar da adadin mambobin majalisar amma har yau ba a dauki wani mataki ba.
Dankalin Turawa dan abinci ne da amfanin gona a cikin Uganda
Sabon amfanin gona da aka yiwa kawanya shine dankalin Turawa, abincin wadataccen abinci kuma ana shuka shi a yankunan tsaunukan kudu maso yammacin Uganda a Kabale da Kisoro. Ga al'ummomi a wannan ɓangaren ƙasar, ana ɗaukarta abinci mai mahimmanci kuma tushen tushen samun kuɗi.
Kasar ta dogara ne da kayan abinci na dankalin turawa daga manoma a kudu maso yamma, wadanda ke bayar da kashi 60% na wadatar, da kuma wadanda ke cikin tsaunukan gabashin gabashin Uganda, wadanda ke ba da sauran kashi 40%. Sakamakon karuwar buƙatu daga birane, samarwa ya ƙaru kuma yana yaduwa zuwa wasu yankuna na Uganda.
Darajar tattalin arziki dankali
A halin yanzu, ana samar da metric tan 300,000 na dankalin turawa a kowace shekara a cikin Uganda, inda manoma ke samun farashin kasuwa wanda ya fara tsakanin centi 33-50 a kowace kilogram ko dala $ 1,500 -2,000 a kowace kadada, dangane da lokacin.
Dankalin Turawan Irish yana girma cikin shahara, tare da babbar dama don samar da kuɗi da haɓaka abinci mai gina jiki. Gwamnatin Uganda ta ayyana hakan a matsayin wata muhimmiyar gona ga kasar. Manoma suna noman dankali a kusan mita 1,800 sama da matakin teku a yankunan da ke iyaka da Ruwanda da Kwango, da kuma gabashin kasar kusa da dutsen. Elgon. A halin yanzu manoma suna daukar kimanin metrik tan bakwai a kowace kadada, amma tare da ingantattun iri da kyawawan dabarun noma, zasu iya samar da kimanin metric tan 40 a kowace kadada.
“A ganina, na ga dankali yana canza rayuwar manoma a Uganda wadanda suka kware a harkar noman kuma da ribar da aka samu, manoma za su iya samar da sabbin gidaje. Suna amfani da dankalin turawa azaman amintaccen abinci ga iyalansu. A cikin ƙasa, dankalin turawa ya taka rawa wajen ciyar da yawan biranen. Kasuwa kuma yana haɓaka, ”Barekye ya lura.
Canjin yanayi na canzawa zuwa GM
Abel Arinatwe, wani mai noman dankali a KaZARDI, ya ce masana kimiyyar aikin gona a kasar sun fara kiwon irin na cikin gida a shekarun 1970. Wadannan nau'ikan sun hada da Rutuku da Victoria, kuma an yarda dasu sosai.
Kodayake a shekarar 1997 masana kimiyya a Researchungiyar Binciken Noma ta Nationalasa sun yi kiwo kuma sun fitar da ingantaccen nau'ikan Victoria wanda ya saba da kwari, a farkon shekara ta 2004 manoma suka fara fuskantar kalubale mai yawa na lalata cutar dankali a dukkan fannoni a kasar. Ingantattun nau'ikan matasan an hayayyafa kuma an sake su a cikin 2016; Naropot 1-4 tare da samar da tan 20 a kowace kadada da Kachpot 1 da 2, wanda ke samar da tan 7-8 a kowace kadada. Wadannan ire-iren wadannan kuma tuni suka fada cikin makara. Masana kimiyya sun kiyasta cewa Uganda na asarar dalar Amurka biliyan 500 a kowace shekara saboda matsalar sanyin lokaci.
GM kiwo aiki ya fara a 2012 tare da haɗin gwiwar Dankalin Duniya Cibiyar (CIP) a Lima, Peru. Fiye da gwaje-gwajen 10 aka gudanar tun daga lokacin don tabbatar da ainihin ƙwayoyin halitta suna ba da cikakkiyar juriya ga ƙarshen cutar. A cewar Arinaitwe, KaZARDI ya kirkiro wani sabon nau'I na nau'ikan Victoria ta hanyar kara kwayoyin halittar juriya guda uku (3R) da aka samu daga irin dankalin turawa da aka samo daga CIP:
Tsarin da muka saba amfani da shi dan bunkasa dankalin turawa shine injiniyan kwayar halitta wanda aka gano jinsin halittu guda uku daga dangin dangi daban Solanum venturi da Solanum balbocastanum da aka sani da bayar da juriya, aka rufe su kuma aka tura su zuwa yankin Victoria iri-iri ta hanyar amfani da ladabi mai sassaucin ra'ayi na agrobacterium a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Wannan ya biyo bayan gwaje-gwaje masu tsauri a cikin lab, gidajen koren da kuma filin don tabbatar da cewa kwayar halittar da aka sauya ta sami damar samar da kariya.
An bar shuke-shuke Victoria suyi girma har tsawon makonni tara kuma waɗanda suke da ƙwayoyin 3R sun nuna juriya 100% ga ƙarshen buguwa kuma waɗanda ba su da su an shafe su. Bayan kammala lokacin haɓakar su a cikin makonni 18, tubers ɗin da aka girbe suna cikin koshin lafiya. Ba kamar irin na yau da kullun ba tare da mafi yawan amfanin ƙasa na tan 20 a kowace kadada, nau'in GMO yana samarwa har zuwa tan 35 - 40 a kowace kadada, dangane da ayyukan noma. Tunda jinkiri wajen zartar da dokar GERA ta Uganda ya shafi lokacin da za a saki sabon dankalin GM, Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasashen Duniya ta Amurka (USAID), a cikin aikinta na “ciyar da rayuwar gaba”, a halin yanzu tana hada gwiwa da NARO don shigar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don bunkasa samfurin .
Simon Byabagambi, masanin harka a shirin a USAID a Kampala, ya ce “Babu wani cikas da zai hana fasahar da za a yi amfani da ita a cikin kasa kamar Uganda. Myungiyata tana yin aiki tare da kamfanonin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke hulɗa da abinci don fara sarrafawa da kuma girke kayayyakin dankalin GMO. Wannan na iya kasancewa a dunkulen dunƙulen gari da fakitin gari don yin burodi da yin romo don yara masu shayarwa. Manyan kantunan suna cike da kayan abincin GMO da aka shigo da su wanda mutane suke saya suna cinyewa, me zai hana mu samo namu kayan. ” Ya yi jayayya cewa wasu zaɓaɓɓun manoma za su iya haɗuwa tare da masana kimiyya don haɓaka dankalin turawa GM wanda za a iya ba wa masu sarrafa abinci.
Menene abubuwan isar da sako na dankalin turawa na GMO
Barekye ya lura da cewa juriya ga irin wannan matsalar wacce ta gabatar da yunwar dankalin turawa ta Irish na iya hana irin wannan yunwar daga Afirka:
Rashin jituwa a makare a filin na nuna muhimmiyar mahimmin ci gaba wajen samar da irin dankalin turawa ga manoma a Afirka wanda zai rage asara da tsadar kayan aikin sosai. Late bugun cutar sananne sananne ne game da mummunar tasirin sa akan gonakin dankalin turawa a duniya. A cikin 1840s ya haifar da yunwar Irish wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.5 a cikin Ireland kuma wataƙila ƙarin mutuwa a nahiyar Turai. Tun daga wannan lokacin, wannan cutar ta zama sanadiyyar asarar kayayyakin da ake kashewa da kuma tsadar kayan gwari da manoma ke amfani da shi kusan duk inda aka shuka amfanin gona wanda ke da tsada ga manoma a Afirka.
GM sun dauki hanzari yayin da damuwa game da canjin yanayi ya karu. Barekye ya lura da dimbin hanyoyin da masana kimiyya a Afirka suka gano cewa tasirin tasirin canjin yanayi kan samar da dankalin Turawa na kasar Ireland:
- A yankunan Arewa da Tsakiyar jihar Filato ta Najeriya, noman dankalin na Irish ya tsaya cak sakamakon tasirin fari, ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan sama na lokacin bazara.
- A Afirka ta Kudu, fari da yanayi mai zafi sun rage amfanin gonar dankalin Turawa a duk yankuna samar da ƙasar.
- Masu binciken sun yi hasashen cewa yawan aphid a wasu yankunan noma na kasar zai karu nan da shekarar 2050.
- A Njoro, Kenya, masu bincike sun gano cewa karuwar yanayin zafi na kara yawan kwari a cikin dankalin Irish.
- A yankin Mekelle na arewacin Habasha, tsawan lokutan bushewa da ƙarshen ruwan sama sun haifar da raguwar amfanin ƙasa dankalin Irish.
Masana kimiyya suna ta tattara nau'o'in dankalin turawa na Irish, wanda ya ba da nau'ikan 39 daga ƙasashe shida: Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, Guatemala, Costa Rica da Chile. Wannan tarin zai taimaka wajan samar da sabbin iri a fadin nahiyar da sauran wurare. Yanzu ana amfani da fasahar noman dankalin turawa ta GM a inda aka halatta - a Kenya, Ethiopia, Egypt da Africa ta Kudu.
Duk da yake nau'ikan nau'in daji suna da mahimmanci don zaɓar nau'in da zai iya tsayayya da yanayin yanzu da yanayin muhalli a cikin Uganda, sauye-sauyen halittar jini na iya kawo ƙarin halaye da yawa ga dankali, cikin lokaci don manoma su girbe fa'idodin su. Tubalan gabatar da wadannan kwayoyi masu fada da cutarwa yanzu ba fasaha ba ce; gaba daya siyasarsu ce.