Dankali muhimmin amfanin gona ne a Amurka, tare da darajar dala biliyan 4.02 (USDA-NASS 2018). Florida tana samar da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na amfanin gona na hunturu / bazara a cikin ƙasar kuma an sanya shi a matsayin mai samarwa na 7 a duk faɗin ƙasar don samar da dankalin turawa (USDA-NASS 2018).
A Florida, ana shuka dankalin ne akan ƙasa mai yashi tare da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki da ikon riƙe ruwa. Daga cikin dukkan abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci don haɓakar amfanin gona da haɓaka, nitrogen shine mafi ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin ƙasa mai yashi ta Florida (Liu et al. 2016). Ɗauki ingantattun hanyoyin hadi kamar hadi yana da mahimmanci don rage yawan leaching da inganta ingantaccen amfani da nitrogen. Manufar wannan labarin ita ce samar da jagororin mataki-mataki don ayyukan hadi don noman dankalin turawa na kasuwanci.
ME YA SA AKE AMFANI DA JINDI?
Takin zamani hanya ce ta aikace-aikacen taki da ke aiki ta hanyar allurar takin ruwa a cikin tsarin ban ruwa; watau ana amfani da takin zamani ta hanyar ruwan ban ruwa. An saba amfani da takin gargajiya don amfanin gonakin kayan lambu kamar tumatir da strawberry a Florida amma ba a karbe shi don masana'antar dankalin turawa. Idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin hadi na al'ada, hadi yana da fa'idodi masu zuwa: 1) ingantaccen isar da abinci mai gina jiki; 2) daidaitaccen aikace-aikacen gida; 3) sauƙin sarrafa ƙimar aikace-aikacen da lokaci; 4) ingantaccen amfani da taki; da 5) ƙananan farashin aikace-aikacen (Liu et al. 2016).
ME AKE BUKATA DOMIN TSARIN FERTIGATION?
Don noman dankalin turawa na kasuwanci, tsarin ban ruwa na sama yana ba masu noman sassauci mafi kyawu kuma ya fi dacewa da hadi (Hoto 1). Duk tsarin ban ruwa na tsakiya-pivot da na layi-pivot sun dace. Ana amfani da allura don hadi (Hoto na 2). An haɗa injector zuwa tsarin tsakiya-pivot kuma yana ba da damar allurar takin mai magani (kamar 32-0-0 ko 8-0-8) cikin ruwan ban ruwa.
YAUSHE YA KAMATA YA FARA JIKI?
Al'adar hadi na al'ada don noman dankalin turawa na Florida gabaɗaya an raba shi zuwa matakai uku: tsiro, fitowar, da ƙaddamarwar tuber. Ana iya amfani da busasshen hadi don matakai biyu na farko. Takin yana buƙatar takin mai magani na ruwa kuma yakamata a fara shi kafin matakin ƙaddamar da tuber.
YAYA AKE JADDARA ARARAR HAJIYA?
Don chipping dankalin turawa (misali, 'Atlantic') da dankalin turawa (misali, 'Red LaSoda') tare da tsawon rayuwar kwanaki 95 zuwa 100, ana iya fara hadi kwanaki 40 zuwa 45 bayan dasa shuki a cikin abubuwa biyar tare da 3- ko tazarar kwanaki 5 tsakanin kowane taron hadi. A yankunan jihar da karshen noman noma ya zo daidai da lokacin damina, ya kamata a fara takin bai wuce kwanaki 45 da shuka ba. In ba haka ba, lokacin da damina ta fara, yawan ruwan sama zai hana masu noman aikin noman rani, suna tsoma baki tare da takin.
MENE NE DA MATSALAR HAKI?
A cikin Florida, 25% zuwa 35% kowane ɗayan jimlar nitrogen (N) da potassium (K) ana iya amfani dashi a cikin abubuwan hadi biyar ta hanyar ban ruwa. Za a iya raba adadin haƙori daidai gwargwado a 10 zuwa 12 lb/acre a kowane taron ta amfani da takin mai magani kamar 8-0-8. Sauran N da K ya kamata a yi amfani da su kafin shuka (20% zuwa 25%) kuma a lokacin bayyanar (40% zuwa 55%), yawanci a matsayin busassun takin zamani.
MENENE TUSHEN TAKI?
Takin da ake amfani da shi don hadi na iya zama ko dai takin ruwa ko kuma maganin takin da aka yi daga takin mai narkewa. Nitrate nitrogen yana ƙarƙashin leaching. Potassium yana da hannu a cikin ƙasa kuma ana iya zubar dashi shima. Ana iya amfani da N da K duka ta hanyar hadi. Misali, ana iya amfani da tsarin takin ruwa kamar 8-0-8 don N da K ko 32-0-0 don N.
MENENE MATSALAR ALJANI?
Ana samun damar yin famfo daga 0.7 zuwa galan 227 a kowace awa (GPH) don allurar taki a cikin Amurka. A cikin gundumar Manatee, Florida, an yi amfani da injector na 55 GPH, mai daidaitawa daga 5.5 zuwa 55 GPH, don maƙallan tsakiya tare da kadada wanda ya kai daga 40 zuwa 140 acres.
YAYA AKE KIMIYYA HUKUNCIN TAKI A TSARIN RUWA?
Mataki na farko shine samun bayanai na asali game da tsarin, kamar ƙimar allurar taki, tsarin taki N, ƙimar ban ruwa, da bayanan filin. A matsayin misali, mai zuwa shine bayani don filin samfurin:
- Girman pivot na tsakiya: 40 kadada
- Yawan ban ruwa: 600gpm
- Gudun gudu na pivot na tsakiya: 6 ko fiye da sa'o'i/da'ira
- Ƙimar N: 10 lb/acre/ taron
- Matsakaicin adadin allura na allurar: 55 (jeri daga 5.5 zuwa 55) GPH
Lokacin da 8-0-8 (wanda aka yi daga 296 lb na UAN-32, 182 lb na calcium nitrate, 360 lb na potassium nitrate, da 1162 lb na ruwa) tare da 23.68 lb na ammonium (NH)4+N da 89.38 lb na nitrate (NO3-N, da 47.36 lb urea (CN2H2O) N da 165.6 lb na potassium oxide (K2O) ana amfani da shi:
- Tushen taki N Liquid: 8-0-8
- Yawan yawa ruwa N taki: 10.09 lb/galan a 68°F
- N abun ciki ga galan 8-0-8: 0.807 lb.
Mataki na biyu shine tantance jimillar takin N da ake buƙata. Ana ƙididdige wannan ta hanyar sanin yawan takin N da ake buƙata a kowace kadada da girman filin.
- Jimlar taki N da ake buƙata: 10 lb/acre × 40 acre = 400 lbs.
- N isarwa a cikin hadi a kowace awa a matsakaicin adadin allura: 55 GPH × 0.807 lb/gal = 44.385 lb/h.
- Lokacin hadi don isar da takin N: don tabbatar da daidaitaccen aikace-aikacen taki, ana buƙatar sa'o'i 9 don gudanar da pivot na tsakiya don cikakken zagaye: 400 lb ÷ 44.385 = 9.0 hrs. Wannan yana nufin za'a iya daidaita lokacin hadi bisa la'akari da adadin allura da N tattarawar takin ruwa da aka yi amfani da shi. Ana iya samun misalan ƙididdiga tare da ƙimar allura daban-daban da ƙididdigar N a cikin Tables 1, 2, da 3 don 40, 80, da 120 acres tare da ƙimar hadi N na 10 lb/acre.
- Jimlar yawan ruwa (gal): 600 gal/min × 9 hrs × 60 min/h = 324,000 gal
- N maida hankali (oz/gal) a cikin haihuwa: 400 lb ÷ 324,000 gal × 16 oz/lb = 0.02
- Juyin Juya: 1 oz/gal = 6,236 ppm
- N maida hankali (PPM) a cikin hadi: 0.02 × 6,236 = 123 ppm
Lokacin da UAN-32 (32-0-0 sanya daga 50% kowane ammonium nitrate (NH)4NO3) da urea) ana amfani dashi azaman tushen taki mai ɗauke da kashi 25% na kowane NH4+-N da kuma NO3--N da 50% urea N:
- Tushen taki N Liquid: 32-0-0
- Yawan yawa ruwa N taki: 11.08 lb/galan a 68°F
- N abun ciki ga galan 32-0-0 (UAN-32): 3.55 lb
- Fam taki N da ake buƙata: 10 lb/acre × 40 kadada = 400 lb
- Gallon na taki N da ake buƙata: 400 lb ÷ 3.55 lb/gal = 113 gal
- Yawan allura: 113 gal ÷ 6 hours = 19 GPH
- Jimlar yawan ruwa: 600 gal/min × 6 hrs × 60 min/h = 216,000 gal
Tare da wannan ƙananan ƙimar allura, aikin ban ruwa da aikin hadi za a iya aiki tare ta hanyar hadi: 400 lb na N da galan 216,000 na ruwan ban ruwa za a iya isar da su cikin sa'o'i 6. Matsakaicin N a cikin hadi:
- N maida hankali (oz/gal) a cikin haihuwa: 400 lb ÷ 216,000 gal × 16 oz/lb = 0.03oz/gal
- Juyin Juya: 1 oz/gal = 6,236 ppm
- N maida hankali (PPM) a cikin hadi: 0.03×6,236=185
Wata hanyar da za a yi amfani da UAN-32 ita ce a tsoma takin ruwa, 32-0-0. Lokacin da taki mai ruwa ya ƙunshi fiye da 1 lb/galan don kadada 40 ko ƙasa da haka da 3 lb/galan na kadada 100 ko fiye.
- Yanayin narkewa: N maida hankali na taki mai ruwa (misali, 11.08 lb / gal na UAN-32) ÷ ainihin maida hankali bayan dilution (misali, 1 ko 3 lb / gal). Dubi Table 4 don misalan dilution. Bayan dilution, takin mai magani na ruwa yana da ƙananan ƙwayar gina jiki. Ainihin maida hankali na gina jiki bayan dilution an ƙaddara ta takin ruwa da kuma dilution factor. Tebur 5 yana lissafin ainihin maida hankali N bayan dilution.
TAKAITA
Takin zamani aiki ne mai inganci don sarrafa kayan abinci don samar da dankalin turawa tare da ban ruwa sama da haka. Manufar hadi shine a taimaki masu noman Florida su samar da abubuwan gina jiki ga shuke-shuke a daidai lokacin da aiwatar da BMPs waɗanda ke rage leaching na gina jiki da haɓaka samar da dankalin turawa. Gwajin filin na shekaru da yawa ya nuna cewa hadi na iya ƙara yawan tuber dankalin turawa da kashi 20% ko amfani da ƙasa da taki 30%. Takin yana taimakawa rage balaguron balaguro don hadi kuma yana rage gurɓatar ruwa daga ɗimbin abinci.
NASARA DA KARIN BAYANI
- Liu, GD, EH Simonne, KT Morgan, da GJ Hochmuth. 2018. Ƙasa da Gudanar da Taki don Samar da Kayan lambu a Florida. Farashin HS711. Gainesville: Jami'ar Florida Cibiyar Abinci da Kimiyyar Noma. An shiga Satumba 23, 2019. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/cv101
- Liu, GD, J. Williamson, G. Ingila, da A. Whidden. Yadda ake ƙididdige ƙimar allurar takin zamani don Samar da Blueberry na Kasuwanci. Farashin HS1197. Gainesville: Jami'ar Florida Cibiyar Abinci da Kimiyyar Noma. An shiga Satumba 23, 2019. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1197
- Zotarelli, L., PJ Dittmar, PD Roberts, J. Desaeger, JW Noling, da B. Wells. 2019. Samar da Dankali. Littafin Kayayyakin Kayan lambu na Florida, 2019-2020. Farashin HS733. Gainesville: Jami'ar Florida Cibiyar Abinci da Kimiyyar Noma. An shiga Satumba 23, 2019. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/cv131
LABARI
- 1. Wannan takarda ita ce HS1361, ɗaya daga cikin jerin Sashen Kimiyyar Horticultural, Jami'ar Florida Extension. Asalin buga kwanan watan Maris 2020. Ziyarci gidan yanar gizon EDIS a https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu don sigar wannan ɗaba'ar da ake tallafawa a halin yanzu.
- 2. Xiangju Fu, dalibin digiri, Guodong Liu, masanin farfesa, Lincoln Zotarelli, mataimakin farfesa, da Steven Sargent, farfesa, Sashen Kimiyyar Horticultural; Kati Migliaccio, farfesa da kujera, Sashen Aikin Noma da Injiniyan Halittu; da Yuncong Li, farfesa, Sashen Kimiyyar Ƙasa da Ruwa, Jami'ar Cibiyar Bincike da Ilimi ta Florida Tropical Research, Homestead, FL 33031.
- Amfani da sunaye na kasuwanci a cikin wannan ɗaba'ar don manufar samar da takamaiman bayanai ne kawai. Jami'ar Florida ba ta da garanti ko garanti ga samfuran mai suna, kuma nassoshi game da su a cikin wannan ɗaba'ar ba ta nuna amincewarmu ga keɓe wasu samfuran abubuwan da suka dace ba. Ya kamata a yi amfani da duk sinadarai daidai da kwatance akan alamar masana'anta.