Useswayoyin cuta.

Dole ne dakin bincike ya tabbatar da wadannan alamomin cutar dankalin turawa (PMTV). Lura da kayan kwalliyar kwalliya waɗanda zasu iya faruwa tare da waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan alamar littafin ta spraing na iya zama bata gari saboda ba koyaushe yake faruwa ba.
Hoto daga Jordan Eggers

Kwayar cututtukan dankalin turawa (PMTV) da kwayar cutar sigari (TRV) ƙwayoyin cuta ne daban, amma alamun da suke haifar kusan iri ɗaya ne.

"Spraing" tsohuwar kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don bayyana launin ruwan kasa, yatsu, ko zobba a jikin naman tubers wanda ya samo asali daga cututtukan dankalin turawa ko kamuwa da cutar sigari. Idan kaga wadannan alamomin, yana da mahimmanci a gano wace kwayar cutar kake hulda da ita, saboda dabarun gudanar dasu sun banbanta. Ya kamata a tura tubers masu kamuwa da cutar zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje na bincike wanda zai yi amfani da gwajin DNA don banbanta ƙwayoyin cuta.

PMTV Na Haddasa Cututtukan Mop-Top

Kwayar cututtukan ƙasa da ke haifar da cututtukan fata, Spongospora subterranea (wani protozoan), yana shimfida PMTV zuwa dankali. Zai iya rayuwa a cikin ƙasa azaman hutawar hutawa tsawon shekaru kuma, da zarar an gabatar da shi, kusan mawuyacin abu ne a kawar da shi. Spore din suna riƙe PMTV, inda ya ci gaba da aiki na dogon lokaci. Kamuwa da cuta yana faruwa ne mafi yawa yayin farawa tuber da farkon bulking lokaci kuma ana haɓaka shi da ƙwarin ƙasa mai ƙarfi da yanayin zafi mai sanyi.

Brown necrotic arcs, flecks, ko zobba a cikin jiki suna bayyana spraing. Symptomsananan alamomi na iya zama 'yan kaɗan masu launin ruwan kasa-ƙasa ko layuka masu rauni. Raunuka masu tsanani sun fi girma, masu duhu-launin ruwan kasa ko launuka masu tsatsa, kuma suna iya samun laushi mai kama da juna. Ya ɗauki gwajin DNA don tabbatar da TRV.
Hotuna ta Launa L. Cimrhakl

TRV Sanadin Corky Ring Spot

Tushen Stubby tushen nematodes yana watsa TRV zuwa dankali (Trichodorus da kuma Paratrichodorus nau'in). Nematodes sun samo ƙwayoyin cuta yayin ciyarwa akan tushen tsire-tsire masu cutar. Stubby root nematodes da TRV suna da jeri mai yawa, kuma yawancin albarkatu da ciyayi suna aiki a matsayin matattarar ƙwayoyin cuta. Hakanan za'a iya yada kwayar cutar akan wukake ko wasu kayan aikin da ake amfani da shi don sare tubers iri domin shuka.

Hanyoyi da Gudanarwa na gama gari

• Suna da wuya su haifar da bayyanar cututtukan foliar.
• Alamun Tuber na iya rikicewa da na cututtukan ilimin lissafi, kamar tabon ruwan kasa na ciki da zafi necrosis.
• Kwayar cututtukan ba kasafai suke faruwa ba a cikin filin. Ba kwayar cutar da ke dauke da kwayar cutar ke nuna alamun ta ba. Kwayar cututtuka ba za a iya lura da su a lokacin girbi ba, kuma ƙarfin alamun yana iya ƙaruwa a cikin ajiya.
• Wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan suna iya haifar da bayyanar cututtuka tare da TRV da / ko PMTV fiye da wasu.
• Dukansu ƙwayoyin cuta ana shigar da su cikin sabbin filayen ta hanyar motsi vector- ƙasa mai cike da taki, taki, ko tarkacen shuka (kamar dankalin turawa) da/ko ta hanyar dasa tubers iri iri.
• Rigakafi ita ce dabara ta farko kuma mafi kyau don sarrafa waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ka guji gabatar da PMTV da TRV da su vectors a cikin filayen ku. Duba irin dankalin turawa don raunuka kafin shuka. Kada a matsar da ƙasa, taki, ko tarkacen shuka zuwa wurare masu tsabta. Tsaftace da tsaftar duk injuna lokacin ƙaura daga filayen da ba su cika ba.
• Idan zaku shuka filayen da baƙasasshe ba, yana da mahimmanci a bi ƙa'idar tsaftar tsafta.
• A cikin filayen da suka rigaya sun mamaye, shuka ƙirar da ƙila ba za su iya bayyana alamun bayyanar cututtuka ba. Kuna iya samun martaba na yawancin al'adu ta hanyar hankalinsu ga TRV ko alamun bayyanar tuber na PMTV a cikin sanarwar sanarwa.

Managementarin Gudanarwa don PMTV

• Limitedididdiga masu yawa na leburori suna gwada ƙasa don kasancewar PMTV da / ko fure-fure mai fure.
• Babu kyawawan kulawar scaby foda. Fumigation na ƙasa tare da metam sodium (misali, Vapam) na iya rage matakan inoculum a cikin ƙasa amma ba zai kawar da ƙwayar scaby foda ko PMTV ba gaba ɗaya. Karatuttukan karatu suna nuna aikace-aikacen cikin fure na fluazinam (Omega, Syngenta) a dasa shuki yana dannata ƙanƙanin sikeli.

Managementarin Gudanarwa don TRV

• Rushe rundunonin sako na TRV kuma juya tare da albarkatun da ba maraba don rage maganin TRV.
• Gwajin ƙasa na yau da kullun don tushen nematodes mai taurin kai don haka zaku iya yanke shawarar gudanarwa ta gari. Da kyau, tattara samfuran ƙasa zuwa zurfin inci 6 zuwa 10 lokacin da yanayin ƙasa ya kusa 70 ° F kuma ƙasa tana da laima. Stubby tushen nematodes yana da motsi sosai kuma zai motsa ƙasa da ƙafa 2 zuwa 3 don kauce wa matsanancin zafin jiki.
• Stubby tushen nematodes (da TRV) ana iya danne su tare da masu lalata (Telone) ko wasu nematicides, misali, Vydate (Corteva), Velum Prime (Bayer CropScience), Movento (Bayer CropScience).

Sarrafar tushen nematodes masu taurin kai tare da masu ƙyalli zai iya zama da wahala saboda motsi, kodayake. Duk da haka fumigate a ƙarshen rani ko damina, saboda yanayin yanayin ƙasa na bazara yawanci yayi sanyi da bushe don ingantaccen magani.

source: https://www.growingproduce.com