Rufe amfanin gona don nematodes
Abubuwan da aka rufe suna yin ayyuka da yawa. Daga kare ƙasa mai rauni zuwa haɓaka ilimin halittun ƙasa zuwa samar da abinci da ake buƙata ga tsuntsaye da ƙudan zuma, waɗannan amfanin gona sukan dace da fasalin ƙasa na dindindin kamar shinge da ciyayi.
Rufe amfanin gona - tarko da nau'ikan biofumigant suna ƙara haɓaka a matsayin hanyar sarrafa dankalin turawa cyst nematodes da sauran kwari nematode da aka samu a cikin ƙasa. Sabbin bincike, duk da haka, ya fara haska haske a kan bambancin matakin aiki tsakanin nau'in amfanin gona wanda ke yin wahalar da zaɓin amfanin gonar da za a shuka.
"Masu shuka suna buƙatar fahimtar cewa akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke tattare da su, kowannensu yana da nau'ikan halaye daban-daban da jeri," in ji Dokta Matt Back, mai karatu a fannin ilimin nematology a Jami'ar Harper Adams. Ya kara da cewa "Lokacin da muke magana game da amfanin gona da aka rufe, muna bukatar mu fahimci cewa wasu nau'ikan amfanin gona za su yi tasiri a kan wani nau'in nematode amma yana iya haɓaka wani."
Lokacin da ake yanke shawara tsakanin nau'ikan amfanin gona iri-iri da ake da su, ma'auni na farko shine fahimtar abubuwan da kuke ba da fifiko, in ji Eric Anderson, babban masani a fannin noma. Agronomy na Scotland. "Mene ne manufar, shin shine cakudawar pollinator na furanni masu wadatar nectar, cakuda iri na tsuntsayen daji, shuka mai tushe mai zurfi don kula da tsarin ƙasa ko biofumigant ko tarko amfanin nematodes? Noman murfin da ya dace da kowane girma ba ya wanzu, don haka da farko kuna buƙatar fahimtar abin da kuke ƙoƙarin cimma,” in ji Mista Anderson.
Tarko amfanin gona, musamman Sticky nightshade (Solanum sisymbriifolium), ya sami kulawa a ƙarshen 1990s da farkon 2000 lokacin da aka ba wa manoma damar kafa waɗannan amfanin gona a ƙasar da ba ta noma kamar keɓe. Sha'awar ta ragu bayan 2008 lokacin da aka yi watsi da keɓancewa a matsayin manufa a ƙarƙashin sauye-sauyen da kwamishinan aikin gona na lokacin, Mariann Fischer Boel ya aiwatar.
"Solanum sisymbriifolium yayi aiki sosai tare da keɓancewa saboda yana buƙatar watannin bazara daga ƙarshen Mayu zuwa Oktoba don kafawa. Wannan yana da wahalar cimmawa a cikin iyakokin juzu'i na yau da kullun, "in ji Dr Back.
Yankin amfanin gona da aka shuka musamman don sarrafa nematode ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa tun tsakanin hekta 200-300 - yawanci 0.2-0.3% na yankin amfanin gona a yawancin yanayi. Yawancin wannan ana shuka shi akan Jersey saboda tazarar girbi na fosthiazate da oxamyl har sai an janye shi a ƙarshen 2020 ya hana amfani da amfanin gonakin salatin.
Don haka me yasa aka sabunta sha'awar rufe amfanin gona? Yana da wani bangare saboda ci gaban wasu nau'in Solanum tare da dacewa da yanayin Burtaniya da kuma karuwar godiya tsakanin masu noma da masu ba da shawara cewa hanyoyin al'adu a waje da amfanin gona da abin ya shafa suna ba da mafi kyawun hanyoyin sarrafa al'umma na dogon lokaci, in ji Dokta Back.
A cikin 2022, ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi Samar da Magani, Jami'ar Harper Adams, CHAP, Sabis na Ba da Shawarar kayan lambu da kuma kasuwancin noma da yawa sun sami tallafin gwamnati daga Innovate UK don bincikar aikin dangi na nau'in Solanum uku a kan sanannun yawan jama'a. Kodadde Globodera da kuma G. rostochiensis a wurare a yamma da gabashin Ingila. Solanum yana rufe amfanin gona ta hanyar samar da Magani sun haɗa da: Solanum sisymbriifolium (DeCyst-Prickly), Solanum scabrum (DeCyst Broadleaf) da Solanum chenopodioides (DeCyst Podium).
"A Kenya, inda PCN ke da matsala mai tasowa, African nightshade (Solanum scabrum) ya fito a matsayin ingantaccen amfanin gona na rage yawan PCN da tushen-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) da kusan 85%," in ji Dokta Back. "Tall nightshade (Solanum chenopodioides), wani tsiro na Kudancin Amirka wanda ya zama ɗan adam a wasu wurare a duniya ciki har da Ƙasar Ingila, kuma yana nuna yiwuwar. Wasu daga cikin gwaje-gwajenmu da aka gudanar a cikin 2022 sun nuna cewa nau'i ne mai wuyar gaske idan aka yi la'akari da cewa yana da kyau a cikin bushewa kuma yana nuna alkawari akan PCN, "in ji shi.
Nasarar da aka samu na waɗannan amfanin gona galibi ya dogara ne akan ingantaccen samar da amfanin gona ko da yake wannan ma yana buƙatar sanya shi cikin mahallin, in ji Dokta Bill Watts na Samar da Magani. “PCN na iya yin ƙaura har kusan mita ɗaya, wanda shine yadda wuraren kamuwa da cuta ke ƙaruwa akan lokaci. Duk da yake kyakkyawan kafa yana da mahimmanci babban amfanin gona, har ma da ƴan gibi a nan kuma har yanzu ana iya samun babban inganci, "in ji Dr Watts.
Gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2022 sun kula da yawan amfanin gona da yanayin halittu dangane da macronutrients (P da K), adadin iri da hanyar kafa. Ayyukan da suka gabata daga Netherlands suna nuna mahimmancin alaƙar da ke tsakanin biomass na sama da tsayin tsayin tushe: mafi girma tsayin tsayin tushen mafi kyawun tasirin tarko.
"Ayyukan sun gano cewa tsayin tushen tsayin daka yana hawa da zarar ganyen ya kai kusan gram 700 na busassun busassun kowace murabba'in mita (7t DM/ha). Wannan yayi daidai da sabon nauyi na kusan 50-60t/ha kuma yana da alaƙa da inganci har zuwa 75%. Tare da hasken dare na Afirka, irin wannan adadin busasshen busasshen amfanin gona a kowace murabba'in murabba'in mita, zai iya haifar da raguwa har zuwa 85%, "in ji Dokta Back. Za a ci gaba da gwajin Innovate UK na tsawon shekaru biyu don ba da cikakkun bayanai na yanayi da yawa.
Tarko ko biofumigants: wanne ya fi kyau?
Noman tarko, irin su nau'in Solanum da Samar da Magani ke bayarwa, da biofumigants irin su radish mai da mustard Indiya, ba zaɓaɓɓu ba ne tare da duka biyun suna da wuri a cikin dabarun sarrafa kwaro, in ji Dr Watts.
"Ina ganin magungunan biofumigants sun yi kama da cin zarafi ga jama'ar PCN da tarko amfanin gona a matsayin jaraba mai kisa. Yawan matasa za su kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali mai ƙarfi, don haka mai yiwuwa biofumigant ya yi tasiri sosai. Matsar da kakar ko biyu kuma amfanin gonar tarko na iya yin aiki mafi kyau," in ji shi.
Fahimtar lokacin da za a yi amfani da su a cikin juyawa shine tsakiyar nasara, ya yi imani, tare da tsakiya da na ƙarshen rabin juyawar da aka yi la'akari da su shine mafi kyawun wuraren da za a yi amfani da PCN. Ga masu noman dankalin turawa a Scotland, radish mai, musamman nau'in Bento, ya zama abin sha'awar biofumigant don rage yawan yawan PCN.
"Tare da Bento fiye da sauran nau'in radish mai, mun ga raguwar yawan jama'a na 50% a cikin yanayi daban-daban. Mahimmanci, da alama yana da kyau a yanayin Scotland,” in ji Mista Anderson.
Biofumigants sun bambanta da kama amfanin gona a yanayin aikinsu. Noman tarko suna fitar da irin wannan hadaddun terpene analogues ga waɗanda amfanin gonakin dankalin turawa ke fitarwa don tayar da ƙyanƙyashe da jan hankalin yara zuwa tushen shuka inda a ƙarshe suka mutu bayan sun kasa kammala tsarin rayuwarsu. Sabanin haka, biofumigants suna sakin glucosinolates, waɗannan ana canza su zuwa isothiocyanates mara ƙarfi, wani nau'in gas ɗin mustard, wanda ke ratsa cikin ƙasa yana kashe yara ƙanana a cikin tsari.
"Ingancin da adadin glucosinolates da nau'ikan iri daban-daban da nau'ikan amfanin gona na brassica ke samarwa sun bambanta sosai don haka me yasa muke magana game da Bento ba sauran nau'ikan radish mai ba. Don gano irin waɗannan nau'ikan da ke samar da glucosinolates a cikin babban girma, za mu gudanar da gwajin gwaji a wannan kakar yayin da gwaji a Scotland da Kanada za su ƙunshi tushen-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.)," in ji Mista Anderson.
Kamar yadda yake tare da nau'in Solanum na amfanin gona na tarko, kyakkyawan kafa yana da mahimmanci ga nasara tare da radish mai.
"Dole ne ku yi niyya don iyakar biomass. Wannan yana nufin shuka a watan Yuni azaman amfanin gona mara kuɗi ko watakila bayan peas na inabi ko AD hatsin rai. Da zarar ya kai farkon saitin kwafsa, toshe amfanin gona a tsayin santimita 45 (inci 18) don hana iri dawowa kuma a bar shi ya yi girma har tsawon makonni 10. Ayyukan flail yana ƙarfafa sakin glucosinolates wanda saboda suna cikin tushen, ba sa buƙatar haɗawa kamar yadda mustard Indiya ke yi, "in ji Mista Anderson.
Bincike ya nuna amfanin gonakin rufewa suna ba da iko iri-iri na tushen-launi nematodes
Dalibin PhD na Jami'ar Harper Adams, Vongai Chekanai yana binciken tasirin sanannen nau'in amfanin gona a kan yawan tushen-launi nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.). Binciken nata, wanda ke da ƙarin shekara guda na gwaji na filin don kammala, ya mai da hankali kan amfani da amfanin gona na rufewa don sarrafa nematode a cikin amfanin gonar narcissus. Idan aka yi la'akari da nau'in nau'in nematodes na tushen-launi, duk da haka, binciken yana da tasiri ga sauran nau'in amfanin gona.
"Littafin da aka buga ya lissafa nau'ikan amfanin gona da yawa waɗanda suka dace don rage yawan nematode, amma aikin bai cika ba saboda bai ƙunshi duk nau'in nematode ba kuma yana rufe nau'ikan amfanin gona," in ji Ms Chekanai.
nau'in amfanin gona guda biyar, phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia), baƙar fata (Avena strigosa), Faransa marigold (Taketes patularadish na mai (Radish sativada kuma indiya mustard (Brassica juncea), an haɗa su cikin gwaji. Irin radish mai ba Bento ba ne.
An yi jerin gwaje-gwaje na farko a cikin yanayin da aka sarrafa na gilashin gilashi kafin su koma filin a Scotland tare da tarihin samar da kwan fitila daffodil. Sakamakon farko, dangane da shekara ta farko mai nasara, ya riga ya ba da wata alama ta nuna bambanci.
"Marigold na Faransa ne kawai ya ba da gagarumin raguwa a cikin nematodes-launi tare da raguwa kamar yadda aka auna kowace kilo na ƙasa na 57%. Radish mai ya rage lambobi, da kusan 9%, amma ba shi da mahimmanci a kididdiga. Mustard na Indiya kyakkyawan masaukin baki ne wanda ya karu da kashi 293%, yayin da baƙar fata da phacelia ke kula da yawan nematode. Sakamakon filin na radish mai, marigold na Faransa, baƙar fata da phacelia yana nuna wanda aka gani a cikin gwajin greenhouse,” in ji Ms Chekanai.
"Mustad na Indiya kamar 'kyakkyawan masaukin baki' ga nau'in Pratylenchus. Yana da kyakkyawan tushen abinci kuma yana ba da masaukin da ya dace don nematode don samun sauƙin kammala rayuwarsa,” in ji ta.
Tare da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri cewa fari na bazara na 2022 ya shafi ko dai amfanin gona na rufe ko kuma wuraren sarrafawa, Ms Chekanai na da kwarin gwiwa cewa bayanan da aka tattara suna da ƙarfi a kididdigar kuma za su yi ƙarfi don tallafawa shawarwari ga masu noma. "Lokaci mai zuwa shine game da tabbatar da abin da muka gani a cikin 2022 ko da yake zan sauke mustard Indiya da Phacelia kuma in kara kayan abinci na chicory.Cichorium cikin intybus) da lucerne (mediago sativa) yayin da nake kuma fatan samar da sakamako mai mahimmanci ga radish mai, "in ji Vongai.