Shirin takin dankali mai girma a cikin ƙasa mai yashi dole ne ya daidaita haɗarin muhalli tare da ƙara dawowar. Yankin rairayin bakin teku ba shi da asali kuma yana buƙatar ƙimar abubuwan gina jiki fiye da loams. Ingantaccen amfani da nitrogen, potassium da magnesium yana buƙatar amfani da mafi yawan takin bayan shuka da fitowar amfanin gona. Wannan kuma ya shafi phosphorus akan low low phosphorus yana gyara launin ruwan toka / fari. Aikace-aikacen tsire-tsire na phosphorus yawanci sun isa ga rawaya rawaya da ja / lemu mai yashi. Aikace-aikacen bayan fage na nau'ikan narkewa na alli na iya inganta tasirin shuka da ingancin tuber.
Gabatarwa
Wannan shafin ya tsara tsarin takin gama gari na sabuwar kasuwar hunturu da daminar da aka shuka a kan rairayin bakin teku a Yammacin Ostiraliya. Wannan shirin taki baya la'akari da abubuwan gina jiki da ake amfani dasu akan amfanin gona ta fuskoki banda takin zamani, kamar gyare-gyaren ƙwayoyi.
Shawarwarin sun hada da yashi rawaya (Karrakatta) da jan-lemu (Spearwood da Tuart) yashi. Waɗannan farashin taki jagora ne na dankalin kasuwa, kodayake ana iya buƙatar gyara don takamaiman iri. Shawarwarin sun ɗauka cewa ana amfani da takin ne ta tsarin ban ruwa (haifuwa). Ya kamata a yi amfani da wannan bayanin tare da sauran bayanai game da sarrafa takin zamani dankalin kasuwa a kan yashi. An tsara shirin ne don kara girman dawowa da rage kasadar muhalli daga takin zamani.
Pre-dasa
Alamar abubuwa
Abubuwan da aka gano suna da mahimmanci don yawan amfanin ƙasa. An tsara cikakken tsarin abubuwan alatu don yashi akan tsohuwar da sabuwar ƙasa a cikin shafin yanar gizo Abubuwan da aka gano don dankalin da aka girma akan rairayin bakin teku. Duk takin zamani kafin tsire-tsire ya kamata a watsa shi kuma a haɗa shi da fartanya.
Nitrogen, phosphorus da potassium
Ana amfani da nitrogen kafin a dasa shuki. Don rage wannan asara, aikace-aikacen nitrogen na farko ya kamata a fara dasa shuki amma kafin fitowan. Ya kamata a ƙayyade adadin phosphorus da za a yi amfani da shi daga gwajin ƙasa na pre-dasa. Ya kamata a watsa fosfus kuma a haɗa shi kafin a dasa, tare da potassium, magnesium (5kg Mg / ha) da abubuwan da aka gano. Watsawa da hada potassium kafin dasa shi azaman potassium sulphate a 200kg / ha, wanda zai samar da 82kg / ha potassium.
Bayan shuka da fitowan
nitrogen
Aiwatar da nitrogen a kowane mako a ƙididdigar yawan amfanin gona na hunturu da rani. Ba lallai ba ne don bambanta saurin aikace-aikacen nitrogen tare da matakin amfanin gona. Matsakaicin adadin nitrogen shine 490kg / ha na noman rani da 570kg / ha na amfanin gona na hunturu, wanda yayi ƙasa da jimillar da yawancin masu samarwa ke amfani dashi. Ana iya buƙatar ƙarin nitrogen idan ruwan sama na hunturu ya fi yadda aka saba. Yawan nitrogen a cikin ruwan ban ruwa ya kamata kuma a yi la’akari da shi, saboda ana iya amfani da yawan nitrogen akan amfanin gona daga ruwan ban ruwa, musamman a lokacin zafi. Ana iya samun ƙarin bayani a Amfani da abubuwan gina jiki ga kayan lambu ta hanyar ban ruwa.
potassium
Hakanan ya kamata a yi amfani da sinadarin potassium a kowane mako a kan farashin yau da kullun. Jimlar kuɗaɗen 522gg / ha na noman rani da 602kg / ha na dasa hunturu sun wadatar don yawan amfanin ƙasa a sabbin wuraren ƙasar. A kan tsofaffin shafukan yanar gizo, 450kg / ha sun wadatar a mafi yawan lokuta, a cikin shekara.
Sulfur
Sulfur wani muhimmin abu ne wanda duk amfanin gona ke buƙata. Sulfur da ake amfani da shi a cikin abubuwan alaƙa kuma tare da takinforfa da takin mai magani yawanci ya isa don biyan bukatun amfanin gona. Idan anyi amfani da taki mai karamin sulfur wanda yake dauke da shi (DAP alal misali), sanya gypsum don bayar da sulphur idan ba a samar da shi ta wata hanyar ba kamar su potassium sulphate.
magnesium
Jimlar 20 zuwa 30kg / ha na magnesium ko 200 zuwa 300kg / ha na magnesium sulphate (saltsin Epsom) ya wadatar.
alli
Calcium abu ne mai mahimmanci don haɓakar tsiro. Kamar yadda yake da sulphur, yawanci albarkatun gona suna samun buƙatun alli ta wasu takin mai magani kamar su superphosphate ko gyare-gyare kamar lemun tsami. A wasu yankuna, ana iya amfani da yawan alli mai yawa ta ruwan ban ruwa. Ya kamata a yi amfani da alli idan cuta kamar zuciya mara raɗaɗi, cibiyar launin ruwan kasa ko ƙoshin lafiya ya zama ruwan dare. Ana iya amfani da wannan kafin dasa kamar gypsum a tonne / ha daya ko kuma bayan dasa shuki ta hanyar amfani da sinadarin nitrate a matsayin sinadarin nitrogen don wasu aikace-aikacen bayan fitowar har zuwa jimlar 100kg Ca / ha.
An gabatar da taƙaitaccen shirin taki da aka ba da shawara don aikace-aikacen N, K, Mg da Ca bayan dasa shuki da fitowar dankali a kan raƙuman ƙarancin N da K a cikin teburin.
Ingancin Urea
Urea galibi tana ɗauke da wani gurɓataccen abu wanda ake kira biuret wanda samfuran aikinsa ne. Urea mai dauke da babban biuret abun da aka nuna ya lalata amfanin gona, musamman yananan iri da ganye idan anyi amfani dashi bayan shuka. Don rage wannan matsalar, yi amfani da urea kawai tare da ƙananan biuret (<0.25%).
Shirye-shiryen takin zamani
Lokaci (fitowar makonni) | N | urea | K | Salatin sulusin | Mg | Magnesium sulfate | Ca | Kalatin nitir |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kafin fitowar | 50 | 109 | 82 | 200 | 5 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
A fitowan | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1 da 2 | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | 40 | 0 | 40 | 98 | 8 | 80 | 50 | 265 |
4 da 5 | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 | 40 | 0 | 40 | 98 | 8 | 80 | 50 | 265 |
7 da 8 | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
9 | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 8 | 80 | 0 | 0 |
10 | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Jimlar | 490 | 891 | 522 | 1276 | 29 | 290 | 100 | 530 |
- Yi amfani da ƙananan (<0.25%) biuret urea
- Aiwatar da urea ko nitrogen bayan an dasa amma kafin a fito
- A layin 'kafin fitowan', ana nuna jimillar abincin da aka yi amfani da ita saboda ta haɗa da potassium da magnesium da aka haɗa kafin shuka
Gwajin shuka da ban ruwa
Nazarin shuka
Yi amfani da nazarin tsirrai don sa ido kan wadatar shirin taki. Yana da mahimmanci a ɗauki samfuran nama da yawa a tsawon rayuwar amfanin gona kuma a sami jadawalin bukatun amfanin gona. Layin da ke kan jadawalin binciken abubuwan gina jiki akan lokaci zai yi gangara ko yayi tafiya zuwa sama, zuwa ƙasa ko kuma ya zama yana aiki koyaushe. Kwatanta wannan da abin da ake sa ran amfanin gona mai yawa a daidai matakin daya nuna alamar ko shirin taki ya wadatar.
Gwajin abinci mai gina jiki guda daya a cikin amfanin gona ba zai ba da isasshen alamar yanayin yanayin amfani da abinci mai gina jiki a tsawon rayuwar amfanin gona ba. Don ƙayyade abubuwan gina jiki na amfanin gona ta hanyar gwajin tsire-tsire, samfurin petiole ya kamata farawa lokacin da mafi girma ko tuber sarki ƙarƙashin shuke-shuke biyu ko uku ya kai 10mm a tsayi.
Ga kowane shuki, tara ƙaramin ganyen dankalin turawa daga tsire-tsire 20 zuwa 30. Mafi ƙanƙanin ganye shine na huɗu ko na biyar daga saman shukar. Maimaita kowane mako biyu ko kamar yadda ya cancanta. Samplesaddamar da samfura zuwa sabis ɗin gwajin shuka da aka sani don bincike. Sakamakon bincike za a iya kwatanta shi da kewayon tsarin abinci mai gina jiki a kowane matakin ci gaba, wanda za'a iya tsammanin yawan amfanin ƙasa na dankali. Ana samun ƙarin bayani a Binciken Petiole don sarrafa takin dankali akan yashi.
ban ruwa
Aikace-aikacen takin da aka ba da shawara sun ɗauka cewa amfanin gonar bai ƙare ko ƙarancin ruwa ba kuma tsarin ban ruwa yana amfani da ruwan gaba ɗaya. Dankali yana buƙatar amfani da ruwa don maye gurbin 100% na ƙarancin ruwa daga dasa zuwa kwanaki 20 bayan fitowan. Wannan ya kamata a haɓaka zuwa 150% ta kwanaki 40 bayan fitowar. Bayan kwanaki 80 bayan fitowar, ya kamata a rage ban ruwa a hankali zuwa kashi 100% na sauyawa kafin girbi.
Idan amfani da tensiometers - yi amfani da samfurin yashi mai shuɗi - yakamata a sanya su a tsakiyar hanya tsakanin tsire-tsire biyu a jere, tare da tsaka-tsakin kofin yumbu mai tsayin 30cm a ƙasan saman tsaunin. Yi ban ruwa don haka tashin hankali bai sauko ƙasa da kusan 5-7kPa daga dasa shuki zuwa farkon tsufa. Idan ruwan sama yayi nauyi kuma an wuce bukatun ruwa na amfanin gona, ana iya buƙatar ƙarin nitrogen da potassium. Nazarin Petiole na iya taimakawa wajen tantance idan abubuwan gina jiki sun isa ko rashi.