URBANA, Mara lafiya. - Masana kimiyya suna dab da gano kwayoyin halittar maza a cikin ruwa da Palmer amaranth, biyu daga cikin ciyawar noma mafi matsala a Amurka.
Neman kwayoyin zai iya taimaka wa sabbin hanyoyin "kula da kwayoyin halitta" na ciyawar, wanda, a wurare da yawa, ba su da amsar maganin ciyawar.
"Idan da mun san irin kwayoyin halittar da ke kula da namiji kuma za mu iya sanya wadannan kwayoyin halittar su yadu a cikin jama'a, duk wata shuka a fagen za ta zama ta maza bayan fewan ƙarni kaɗan, kuma bisa ƙa'ida, yawan jama'ar zai faɗo," in ji Pat Tranel, farfesa kuma babban masani a cikin Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Noma a Jami'ar Illinois kuma jagora marubuci kan karatu a Sabon Likitan Jiki.
Tranel da abokan aikinsa sun riga sun gano alamomin kwayoyin da ke hade da yankin jinsin maza. Bayan kera kwayoyin halittar kwayoyin halittar namiji ga duka jinsunan, masu binciken sun sami damar amfani da wadancan alamomin ba komai a yankin na maza. Yanzu, suna cikin kwayar halitta 120 zuwa 150 don gano abin da suke so.
“Muna da tabbacin cewa galibin wadannan kwayoyin 120 ko ma kusan kwayoyin halitta ba sa yin komai. Kawai abubuwa ne da aka tara a wannan yankin na kwayar halittar, "in ji Tranel. "Idan zan iya tsammani, zan iya cewa watakila 10 daga cikinsu suna yin wani abin da ya dace."
Rage kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da jinsi a cikin waɗannan ciyawar na iya samun fa'idar aiki don sarrafawa, amma binciken ya kuma ba da haske game da abin da ya faru na dioecy - gabobin mata da na mace a kan mutane daban-daban. Mafi yawan dabbobi suna dioecious, amma yana da wuya a shuke-shuke. Fiye da 90% na shuke-shuke masu furanni suna da gabobin jima'i a kan mutum ɗaya, kuma galibi a cikin fure ɗaya.
Waterhemp da Palmer amaranth, duk da haka, suna dioecious.
Dioecy yana nufin bashi yiwuwa ga tsire-tsire ya shafa kanshi; maimakon haka, dole ne gametes mata su hadu da kwayar halittar fure daga wani shuka. Wannan abu ne mai kyau don tabbatar da bambancin kwayoyin halittu a cikin jama'a. Kuma wataƙila abin da ya sanya ruwa da Palmer amaranth ya zama mai nasara don guje wa tasirin cutar ciyayi da yawa.
“Har zuwa yau, ruwa mai ruwa da Palmer amaranth sun samo asali ne daga maganin ciyawar da ke dauke da hanyoyi bakwai da takwas na aiki, bi da bi. Sakamakon dioecious ya haifar da duk waɗannan halayen juriya suna haɗuwa kuma sun dace a tsakanin mutane. Wannan cakudawar ya baiwa al'ummomin dukkanin jinsin damar hada kan bijirewar tsirrai iri-iri, ya bar masu samarwa da 'yan dabarun da suka dace da maganin kashe ciyawar, "inji Tranel.
Fahimtar baƙon abu na dioecy a cikin tsire-tsire na iya taimaka wa masana kimiyya su haɗa kan yadda ake gadon halaye daga kowane mahaifa, da fahimtar yadda lamarin yake.
Ba kamar dabbobi ba, wanda ake zaton dioecy ya samo asali sau daya kawai, masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa dioecy a cikin tsirrai sun samo asali sau da yawa. Kuma, bisa ga binciken Tranel, ya bayyana cewa ya samo asali ne da kansa a cikin ruwa da Palmer amaranth, wasu nau'ikan jinsin dake da kusanci sosai.
“A shirye nake in ce lallai mun san sun samo asali ne daban, amma duk bayanan da muka samu suna goyon bayan wannan ra'ayin. Guda biyu ne kawai daga kwayoyin 120-150 suka yi kama da juna a jikin jinsin biyu, ”in ji Tranel.
Daya daga cikin wadannan kwayoyin halittar, Florigen, yana taimaka wa tsirrai su amsa tsawan rana ta hanyar fara fure. Tranel bai sani ba tukunna ko yana tantance jinsin furanni, amma yana da sha'awar cewa ya bayyana a cikin yanki na Y na musamman game da jinsin.
“Ba mu da tabbaci, amma wataƙila yana da alaƙa da mazan da ke yin fure fiye da mata. Wannan na iya zama da fa'ida ga maza saboda a lokacin zasu zubar da fulawa lokacin da matan farko suka sami karɓa. Don haka idan, a hakikanin gaskiya, Palmer da waterhemp da gaske sun samu ci gaba ta hanyar dioecy daban-daban, amma dukansu sun sami wannan kwayar ta Florigen din ne don samun dacewa, hakan zai zama kyakkyawan misali na cigaban halitta. ”
Tranel yana fatan takaita takamaiman yankin Y a cikin jinsunan biyu har ma da kara ware kwayoyin halittar dake tantance namiji. Babu tabbacin za a samar da maganin sarrafa kwayoyin halitta da zarar an gano wadancan kwayoyin - Tranel na iya bukatar jan hankalin abokan masana'antu game da hakan - amma samun irin wannan kayan aikin ba kamar yadda yake ba.
Labarin, “Yankunan Y-chromosomal takamaiman maza a cikin ruwa (Amaranthus tarin fuka) da kuma Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), ”An buga a Sabon Likitan Jiki [DOI: 10.1111 / nph.17108]. Marubutan sun hada da Jacob Montgomery, Darci Giacomini, da Pat Tranel na Jami’ar Illinois, da Detlef Weigel na Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology. An tallafawa aikin Cibiyar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta USDA da Max Planck Society.
Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Noma tana cikin Kwalejin Aikin Gona, Masu Amfani da Kimiyyar Muhalli a Kimiyyar sako ta Illinois.