Ko don ingantacciyar siffa da girmansa, inganta ma'auni ko kariya daga cututtuka, masu shayarwa dankalin turawa suna da cikakkun na'urori masu sarrafawa da buƙatun mabukaci.
Kwararru biyar sun ba da haske game da bukatunsu, kuma suna magana game da abin da ke gangarowa cikin bututun dankalin turawa ta fuskar sabbin nau'ikan - yau, gobe da kuma nan gaba mai nisa. Yankuna daban-daban suna da bukatu daban-daban, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ake samun shirye-shiryen kiwo a fadin kasar. David Douches, wanda ke jagorantar kungiyar shirin kiwo a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan, yana hulɗa da yawancin nau'in chipping. Shirin kiwonsa yana mai da hankali kan scab da juriya na PVY don adana dogon lokaci.
"Ina jin kamar muna samun ci gaba mai kyau a cikin juriyar scab da kuma juriyar ƙwayoyin cuta," in ji Douches, wanda ya yi nuni ga sakin kwanan nan na shirin, Mackinaw (hoto na sama da dama). Mackinaw yana ba da juriya ga scab da PVY, kuma yana adanawa har zuwa farkon Yuli. Masu sarrafawa za su so cewa nau'in yana da girma a cikin sitaci. A halin yanzu ana gwada nau'in nau'in a cikin gwaje-gwajen filin a fadin kasar. Douches ya ce suna kuma ƙoƙarin ƙara yanayin juriya na PVY zuwa wasu nau'ikan.
Daga gabas a New York, Walter Young Shugaban shirin kiwo a Jami'ar Cornell, inda ya kuma mai da hankali kan yankan iri. Halayen da ya fi damu da su shine siffa da girma. Masu ruwa da tsaki na masana'antu, in ji shi, suna neman ƙananan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan sitaci masu yawa waɗanda ke ba da launin soya mai kyau daga wurin ajiya. Ƙananan dankalin turawa sun fi dacewa ga masu sarrafawa waɗanda ke son siyarwa a cikin ƙananan jaka.
Suna kuma buƙatar ɗan matakin juriya ga scab gama gari. Common scab yana haifar da ramuka a cikin tubers, haifar da sharar gida a lokacin peeling. "Yana da tsada don sarrafawa," in ji De Jong. "Sai dai idan kun canza ƙasa pH, wanda ke haifar da kowane irin matsalolin." Kiwo don juriya ga scab gama gari ba shi da wahala. "Ina tsammanin babban kalubalen da ke cikin dankali ya kasance shine samun duk abin da manoma ke so, wanda ba zai yiwu ba, don haka aiki ne na daidaitawa," in ji De Jong.
Tawagar a Cornell ta haɓaka New York 163, sabon nau'in guntu wanda ya nuna alkawari. Kalar soyasa da ke fitowa daga ajiya ya yi haske fiye da yadda ba a taɓa gani ba. Amma wasu sabbin sakamako sun bayyana a lokacin gwaji, kodayake. Irin wannan nau'in yana da haɓaka don haɓaka blisters ko kumfa yayin soya. "Ba a san kwayoyin halittar blister ba, amma wasu dankalin turawa suna da saurin kamuwa da ita," in ji shi.
De Jong yana jira don ganin ko waɗannan sakamakon za su sake faruwa a gwaji na gaba. Blisting wani hali ne da za su kula da su nan gaba. De Jong ya sha bamban a tsakanin masu kiwon dankalin turawa na Amurka ta yadda ya kuma mai da hankali kan juriya da nematode na zinare, matsala ta musamman ga masu noman New York. Golden cyst nematode wani kwaro ne na keɓe wanda zai iya rayuwa a cikin ƙasa har zuwa shekaru 30. Yana da matukar wahala a iya sarrafa shi, in ji De Jong.
"Idan ba za mu ci gaba da kasancewa a New York ba, duk al'ummar za su damu," in ji shi. “Saboda muna ajiye shi ne kawai bai kamata su damu ba. Amma dole ne wani ya damu." A wani aikin gefe, De Jong yana ƙoƙarin hayayyafa nau'in dankalin turawa tare da naman lemu. Dankalin da ke da launuka masu ban sha'awa ba ya wakiltar wani babban yanki na kasuwa, amma suna wakiltar wani yanki na kasuwa, in ji De Jong. A halin yanzu, babu nau'ikan kasuwanci tare da naman orange.
A Arewacin Amurka, abin da aka fi so shine farin dankali, musamman a kasuwannin guntu da frying. Dankali mai launin rawaya yana samun wasu nasarori a sabuwar kasuwa, in ji Jan van Hoogen, babban darekta a kamfanin kiwon dankalin turawa na Holland Agrico. Agrico jinsin kusan nau'in rawaya-nama na musamman. Van Hoogen ya ce kashi 10 cikin XNUMX na nau'in teburi masu launin rawaya a cikin Amurka masu kiwo ne na Turai.
"A Arewacin Amirka, komai yana dogara ne akan Russet Burbank, kuma yana da matukar wahala a sami wani abu da ya zo kusa da shi," in ji Van Hoogen. "Kasuwa ce mai rikitarwa," in ji shi. "Kasuwa ce babba, amma tana da rikitarwa."
Robert Graveland, darektan bincike a Farashin HZPC, wani babban kamfanin kiwon dankalin turawa da ke a Netherlands, ya yarda da ra'ayin Van Hoogen. Arewacin Amurka ya keɓanta a cikin fifikonta don sarrafa farin nama da dankalin turawa. Masu kiwo na Turai, in ji shi, suna mai da hankali kan dorewa, don haka rage tasirin muhalli na dankalin turawa. Kamar yawancin masu shayarwa, yawancin HZPC ta mayar da hankali kan kwanciyar hankali na yawan amfanin ƙasa da aiki a kan masu damuwa.
Sabbin nau'ikan PVMI akwai
Cibiyar Kula da nau'ikan dankalin turawa (PVMI) tana da sabbin nau'ikan dankalin turawa guda biyu masu ban sha'awa da ake samu ga masu shuka iri, kuma iri biyu masu albarka suna gangarowa cikin bututun. Babban Darakta na PVMI Jeanne Debons ne ke da alhakin tallata nau'in ga masu sarrafawa da masu shuka iri. Masu noman iri, in ji ta, yawanci ba za su yi girma iri-iri ba sai in na'urori sun nuna sha'awa. Masu sarrafawa sun nuna sha'awar duka Galena Russet da Rainier Russet.
Na farko, Galena Russet, yana da yawan samar da albarkatu, matsakaici-zuwa-marigayi sarrafa dankalin turawa tare da tubers masu ban sha'awa. Yana da juriya mai zaƙi sanyi da babban abun ciki na furotin. Wani babban kaso na yawan amfanin sa gabaɗaya ya cika maki 1 na Amurka. Duk da yake dormancy tsawon Galena Russet ne kamar 20 kwanaki ya fi guntu fiye da Russet Burbank, shi ne mafi juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta PVY, PLRV da tuber net necrosis fiye da Russet Burbank da Ranger Russet. Amma yana da ɗan sauƙin kamuwa da kumburin foliar da wuri.
Babban dankalin turawa dangane da dandano, Rainier Russet yana da babban fakitin fitar da matsakaici kuma matsakaicin girman tuber shine oza 10. Hakanan yana ba da dogon kwanciyar hankali. Idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun nau'ikan, Rainier ya samar da kashi mafi girma na yawan amfanin Amurka No. 1. Yana da furotin mai girma, matakan antioxidant masu girma, babban nauyi na musamman, launin soya mai haske, ƙananan matakan acrylamide, da ƙananan lahani na ciki da na waje.
Ga masu shuka iri iri, waɗannan nau'ikan sun ƙare shekaru uku zuwa huɗu. Duk nau'ikan biyu yakamata su kasance ga masu shuka iri kamar na shekara mai zuwa. Ga wadanda ba masu shuka iri ba, Debons ya haskaka nau'ikan sha'awa guda biyu: La Belle Russet da Pomerelle Russet.
Idan aka kwatanta da Russet Burbank, La Belle Russet shine farkon zuwa matsakaici-tsara iri-iri tare da kyakkyawan lokacin farkon lokacin da ake samu na dogon lokaci, matsakaici-russeted tubers da kyakkyawan dormancy. Har ila yau, yana da mafi girman juriya ga lalacewar tuber da mafi yawan lahani na ciki da na waje. Kyakkyawan dankalin turawa ne da za a iya adanawa har zuwa watanni tara, in ji Debons.
Pomerelle Russet dankalin turawa ne mai girma da wuri, mai manufa biyu wanda ke samar da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin farkon kakar. Debons ya ce yana samar da daidaitattun tubers masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ke da juriya ga lahani na ciki da na waje. "Har ila yau, yana da kyakkyawan ajiya, amma mai yiwuwa ba shi da kyau kamar La Belle," in ji ta.
Yana kiyaye launin soya karɓaɓɓu na kimanin kwanaki 180-200 a cikin ajiya a 48 ° F, wanda ke nuna wasu yuwuwar sarrafawa daga wurin ajiyar ɗan gajeren lokaci. Koyaya, amfaninsa na farko yana bayyana azaman babban inganci, farkon sabo iri-iri. Pomerelle Russet da La Belle sun kasance farkon dankalin kasuwa, har McCain ya gwada su. Sun dace da duka biyun.
Ana samun ƙarin bayani akan Gidan yanar gizon PVMI.