Binciken, Duk-Russian Phytopathology Research Cibiyar
e-mail: maria.erokhova@gmail.com
Duk da gagarumin ci gaban da aka samu wajen gudanar da bincike kan ciwon dankalin turawa da kuma aiwatar da hanyoyin da za a bi wajen shawo kan cutar, bisa ilimin da aka samu kan kwayoyin cutar, har yanzu cutar na haifar da babbar hasarar noman dankalin, sakamakon raguwar amfanin gona da kuma yawan kayayyakin kariya na amfanin gona.
Ana haifar da oomycete Magungunan Phytophthora, haddasa foliar, kara, tuber marigayi blights.
Idan tuber tare da ƙananan inoculum ya shiga cikin kantin sayar da dankalin turawa, cutar na iya haifar da babbar hasara. Abubuwan da ke haifar da kumburin marigayi na iya rayuwa a zazzabi na 3 ° C. Lalacewa ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta a kan fata na tuber yana ba da damar ƙwayoyin cuta masu dacewa su mamaye su haifar da ruɓe mai laushi, ta fatar dankalin turawa.
Alamomin burbushin burtsatse a baya (https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PHYTIN/photos da kuma https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.40970) sune wuraren ganye masu siffa marasa tsari waɗanda ke faɗaɗa cikin sauri zuwa manyan raunuka a matakin ci gaba na ci gaban cutar. Yankunan necrotic leaf a gefuna a saman saman ganyen suna kewaye da halo mai launin rawaya mai haske. A lokacin m yanayi farar spore mold yana tasowa a gefuna na ƙananan saman ganye. Alamomin cutar bututun da aka makara sune wurare masu launi daga launin ruwan kasa zuwa fari a kan fatar tuber. Ana samun robobi mai launin ja zuwa ja-launin ruwan kasa a ƙarƙashin fatar tuber. Wannan rubewa daga ƙarshe ya ƙara zuwa tsakiyar tuber. Babban hanyar tarwatsa wannan ƙwayar cuta ita ce watsa ta iska ta hanyar zoosporangia ta iska daga amfanin gonakin dankalin turawa da ke makwabtaka da su, tsire-tsire na dankalin turawa na sa kai da tsire-tsire, waɗanda ake girma kafin filayen dankalin turawa makwabta, a cikin tarkace. Tsire-tsire, da aka girma a cikin tukwane, da shuke-shuken dankalin turawa, masu sa kai na iya zama maɓuɓɓugar cututtukan cututtuka na aphid da sauran cututtukan amfanin gona (cututtukan rhizoctonia; dige baki, lalacewa ta hanyar). Coccodes na Colletotrichum, powdery scab, lalacewa ta hanyar Ongaramar Spongospora) da kwari na amfanin gona (nematodes masu rai masu rai, dankalin turawa cyst nematodes, aphids). Bugu da ƙari, ana iya haɓaka oospores a cikin waɗannan tafkunan na inoculum. Wannan na iya sa ƙarshen buguwa ya fi wahalar sarrafawa saboda haɓakar haɗarin haɓaka yawan jama'a masu jure wa oomycete zuwa samfuran kariyar amfanin gona a cikin yanayin ƙara yawan jiyya da ƙimar aikace-aikacen fungicides (oomycides).
A cikin yankunan kudancin an ba da shawarar yin fesa a kan lokaci ta hanyar kula da diquate da glyphosate don kashe duk wani girma kafin duk wani nau'in da ake samar da amfanin gona a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (a cikin yanayin sake girma na shuke-shuke a cikin abubuwan da ba su da kyau) ana buƙata. don sake fesa wa]annan tarkacen tarkace). Nau'in ingantaccen aiki don sarrafa wannan matashin tafiye-tafiye a cikin tarkace mara kyau shine murfin zane tare da ma'auni mai nauyi baƙar fata polythene. Sheeting a gefen tarkacen tarkace na buƙatar rufewa don hana tarwatsewar zoosporangia na ƙwayar cuta da dabbobin yaga zanen. Ba a buƙatar aikace-aikacen glyphosate lokacin da aka rufe tari mai fita da baƙar fata polythene da wuri.
Yana da mahimmanci a sami ƙwanƙolin da ba su da kyau sosai daga amfanin gonakin dankalin turawa da magudanan ruwa.
Mafi na kowa Hanyar haifuwa ga P. 'yan iska Haihuwar jima'i ne lokacin da zoosporangia ke tsiro ta hanyar hyphae ko sakin zoospores tare da flagella wanda ke watse a cikin fina-finai na ruwa kafin encysting da cutar da shuka. Oospores na iya dawwama a cikin ƙasa na dogon lokaci. Don haka, alal misali, daidai da bayanan masu bincike daga Netherlands (Tsarin Tsibi Jarida, 2000), oospores sun kasance masu yaduwa ga dankalin turawa a cikin ƙasa mai yashi tsawon watanni 48, a cikin ƙasa mai haske na tsawon watanni 34 lokacin ambaliya. An lura cewa matsakaicin adadin oospores an haɓaka shi a cikin nau'ikan tare da ƙarancin juriya na tsere-ƙasa.
Bisa ga bayanan da aka saita daga bayanan Turai Mafi kyawun ƙasa4 (2020), an ba da shawarar a gudanar da jujjuyawar amfanin gona na shekaru biyar don rage matakin inoculum na ƙasa-ƙasa. Magungunan Phytophthora (oospores), dankalin turawa, nematodes, rhizoctonia da sauran kwari.
Wasu shekarun da suka gabata, dabarun kula da cututtuka na dankalin turawa ya dogara ne akan amfani da adadi mai yawa na aikace-aikace na kayayyakin kare amfanin gona. Duk da haka, saboda gaggawa na in mun gwada da sabon resistant genotypes na Magungunan Phytophthora (a wasu ƙasashen Turai, EU_43_A1 genotype wanda ke da juriya ga mandipropamide a allurai har zuwa 100 ppm); hadedde cuta kula da dankalin turawa ya fi tartsatsi.
BABBAN HANYOYI DOMIN INGANTACCEN GUDANAR DA HATSUWA GA DANKUNAN
• Girma nau'in dankalin turawa tare da ingantacciyar matakin juriya na cultivar.
Lalacewar tushen tushen inoculum na farko (tsiran dankalin turawa na sa kai, ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa, tubers iri masu kamuwa da cututtukan dankalin turawa).
• Aiwatar da Tsarukan Tallafawa Yanke shawara don yanke shawara akan mafi kyawun adadin jiyya na samfuran kariya na amfanin gona da kuma kula da cututtukan marigayi ta hanyar aikace-aikacen fungicides (oomycides), la'akari da haɗarin ci gaba da kamuwa da cuta, juriya na cultivar da yanayin yanayi a cikin tsarin dabarun hana juriya. Shirin kwamfuta na harshen Rashanci (software) VNIIFBlight ƙwararrun masana daga Cibiyar Nazarin Halittar Halittu ta Rasha ta Duk-Rasha ce ta haɓaka. The All-Russian Phytopathology Research Institute an ba da izinin RU 2019663121 (2019) akan Bayyana tsinkaya - rashin jin daɗi software don yin hasashen kan layi don haɓaka ci gaban ɓarna ga yankin Tarayyar Rasha. Tsarin Taimakawa Yanke shawara (DSS) AgroDozor Ana amfani da shi don taimakawa wajen ba da shawarar yanke shawara game da aikace-aikacen kayayyakin kariya na amfanin gona don shawo kan cutar a cikin lokaci a Rasha. Wasu shirye-shiryen DSS a wasu ƙasashe an ƙirƙira su don yin hasashen haɗarin ci gaban cutar a ƙarshen lokaci. Misali, dandalin kan layi Hutton BlightSpy a cikin UK yana taimakawa wajen yin hasashen haɗarin ci gaban bullar cutar. James Hutton Limited ne ya dauki nauyin wannan hanya, bayanan yanayi daga Cibiyar Yanayi ta Yaren mutanen Norway mai lasisi a ƙarƙashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.
An haɓaka albarkatun / dandamali a wasu yankuna a cikin tsarin ayyukan R & D (misali, a Turai - EuroBlight , a China – ChinaBlight). Irin wannan bayanin yana goyan bayan masu shuka dankalin turawa don yanke shawarar yanke shawara, la'akari da tsarin yawan jama'a na yanki da matakin juriya ga fungicides (oomycides).
Tables na Fungicides na EuroBlight (https://agro.au.dk/forskning/internationale-platforme/euroblight/) ana ci gaba da ci gaba da kasancewa a kan dandamali na contices na Turai game da Blight Blight don sarrafa ƙarshen ƙarshen dankalin turawa da kuma magance farkon blight.
• Lallasa tubers masu kamuwa da cuta a cikin shago don rage asarar tuber da inoculum na iri a cikin shekara mai zuwa.