Kashi 75% na amfanin gona na dankalin turawa ana yin sa ne don sarrafa masana'antu kuma 'yan ƙasar ta Denmark sun fi kowacce ƙasa yawan sitaci.
FARIN CIKIN FARKO
Starch shine tushen abubuwan gina jiki na tsirrai da yawa. A lokacin girma, koren ganye suna tattara makamashi daga rana. A cikin dankali ana ɗaukar wannan kuzari azaman maganin sukari har zuwa tubers, kuma a can ne ake canza sukari zuwa sitaci a cikin ƙananan ƙanƙara da ke mamaye yawancin cikin sel.
Juyin sukari zuwa sitaci yana faruwa ta hanyar enzymes. Sannan bazara mai zuwa, enzymes ma suna da alhakin sake jujjuya sitaci zuwa sukari-ana jigilar su zuwa sama azaman makamashi don tsiro.
DALILIN SAMUN TASHIN HANKALI YAKE A CIKIN DAMBEN DATTA.
A cikin filayen ko adana shi a cikin matsewa lokacin hunturu, tubers suna rayuwa kuma suna buƙatar iska don numfashi da ayyukan rayuwa.
Dankali yana cinye ɗan ƙaramin sitaci nasu a lokacin hunturu don kula da ayyukan rayuwa har zuwa bazara. Wannan yana buƙatar iska mai kyau kuma numfashi yana haifar da ƙaruwar zafi.
Idan yanayin zafin da ke kewaye ya faɗi tare da haɗarin sanyi, tubers suna ƙoƙarin adana fatar su ta hanyar jujjuyawar sitaci zuwa sukari don rage wurin daskarewa a cikin ruwan salula. Idan wannan bai isa ba, tubers sun mutu. Don haka dole ne a rufe dankali sosai lokacin adanawa.
Idan dankali ya yi ɗumi, numfashi yana ƙaruwa, yana ƙara zafin zafin. Ana amfani da sitaci da yawa don numfashi kuma tubers za su mutu da zafi.
Yanayin ajiya mara kyau yana haifar da asarar sitaci kuma, a mafi munin yanayi, matattu da fasa dankali, waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga tsarin.
Dole ne a ƙi wadatattun kayan dankali.
Lalacewa yayin sufuri kuma yana haifar da matsalolin inganci. Kowane busa ɗaya yana lalata sel, tare da asarar sitaci da mataccen tabo a kan tuber sakamakon. Don haka yana da matukar mahimmanci a kula da dankali yayin jigilar kaya a hankali tare da dabaru da kayan aikin da ake da su.
TUNATARWA TA FARA TUNAWA A LOKACIN TATTALIN SABODA.
Sauke damper don cika farkon shagon da babu komai.
A lokacin da ake saukowa a masana'antar, ana iya rage lalacewa ta hanyar rufe sifofin buroshi tare da roba da rage tasirin digo tare da labulen roba. Dankalin da aka datse yana sakin ruwan 'ya'yan itace da yawa, yana haifar da kumfa da matsalolin da ba dole ba a tashar wanki.
Ana cire datti, yashi da tsakuwa akan allon juyawa kafin a ajiye dankali a cikin shagon - mafi kyawun cire datti, ƙaramin matsaloli tare da duwatsu da yashi a cikin tashoshi masu jujjuyawa daga baya. Ƙasa kuma tana ɗauke da abubuwan gina jiki masu yawa, waɗanda za su narke a cikin ruwan wanka kuma su ba da gudummawa ga tasirin muhallin da gurɓataccen ruwa ke haifarwa.
Shagon dankalin turawa ya zama tilas don tabbatar da wadatar dankali cikin dare. Ana iya buƙatar kayan masarufi don ƙarshen mako saboda ƙuntatawa akan manyan hanyoyin sufuri a waje da lokutan aiki na yau da kullun.
Yanayin da ya dace shine a isa ƙasan kantin dankali kowace safiya, saboda dankali yana shan wahala yayin doguwar ajiya a cikin kauri mai kauri ba tare da isasshen iska ba.
WANKAN DA YA SHAFI YANA NUFIN SAUKI.
Ƙasa da datti da ba a cire su a tashar wanki suna ba da matsala daga baya. Don haka wankin yana da matukar muhimmanci. Wanke tsari ne na yau da kullun, tare da ƙara ruwa mai daɗi ta hanyar matsin lamba a matakin ƙarshe.
Ana zubar da dankali da ruwa a cikin tashoshi - wucewa tarkon dutse - zuwa tashar wanki. Tarkon dutse yana amfani da bambanci a cikin takamaiman ma'auni tsakanin duwatsu da dankali - kwararar ruwa ta sama tana ɗauke da dankalin a kan tarkon dutse, yayin da manyan tarko suka taru aka tattara su akan mai ɗauke da dutse.
Dole ne a rage matakin ruwa a cikin kwanon wankin don kada dankali ya yi iyo. Ganga ba mai ɗauke da kaya ba ce kawai, amma kuma tana tabbatar da cewa dankali ya yi ƙarfi da ƙarfi da juna. Shafawa yana da mahimmanci don kawar da fungi, tabarbarewar fata, fata da datti daga farfajiya. Ana iya sake yin amfani da ruwan da ke iyo bayan yashi a cikin tafkuna.
Babban ma'aunin wanka yana inganta tacewa saboda ƙazanta da yawa suna kama da sitaci a takamaiman girma da girma, don haka wanke dankali shine kawai hanyar kawar da su.
Yawan ƙazanta da ke manne da dankali a kan isar da abinci ya dogara sosai ga yanayin yanayi da ƙasa inda ake noman dankali.
Yawan ruwan da ake amfani da shi don yin kwarkwasa da wankewa daidai yake da yawan ruwan tsaftataccen ruwan da ake amfani da shi a cikin fesa mai ƙarfi na ƙarshe.
GASKIYA.
Rasping shine matakin farko a hakar sitaci. Makasudin shine a buɗe ƙwayoyin tuber kuma a saki granules na sitaci. Ana iya ɗaukar slurry ɗin da aka samu azaman cakuda ɓawon burodi (bangon sel), ruwan 'ya'yan itace da sitaci. Tare da masu saurin saurin sauri na zamani, rasping aiki ne na wucewa ɗaya kawai.
AMFANIN SULFUR.
Ruwan salula yana da wadataccen sukari da furotin. Lokacin buɗe sel ruwan 'ya'yan itace nan da nan ya fallasa zuwa iska kuma yana amsawa tare da iskar oxygen, yana yin abubuwa masu launi, waɗanda zasu iya bin sitaci.
Sulfur dioxide gas ko sodium-bisulphite-solution saboda haka dole ne a ƙara. Babban raguwar yuwuwar mahaɗan sulfur yana hana canza launi. Dole ne a ƙara isasshen sulfur don kula da ruwan 'ya'yan itace da launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi. (Re .: Farashin TM23)
CIGABA.
Ana buƙatar wankewa mai ƙarfi don fitar da ƙwayar sitaci daga sel - ƙwayoyin suna tsagewa a cikin rasper kuma suna samar da tabar tacewa da ke ƙoƙarin riƙe sitaci. A baya an yi amfani da ruwa don hakar, amma yau hakar tana faruwa a cikin rufaffen tsarin da ke ba da damar amfani da ruwan dankalin da kanta. Yana da fa'idar cewa daga baya za a iya dawo da ruwan 'ya'yan a cikin mai da hankali wanda ba a lalata shi, yana rage farashin sufuri don amfani da shi azaman taki.
Fitar da sitaci ya fito daga ruwan hakar tare da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, kuma ganuwar tantanin halitta (ɓangaren litattafan almara) ana ɗora shi zuwa ga magudanar ruwa. Pulan ɓangaren ɓoyayyen yana barin magudanar ruwa kamar bushe-bushe- watau kusan kashi 8% na busasshen abu.
Haɗin yana faruwa akan juzu'i mai jujjuyawa, inda ikon centrifugal ke haɓaka ƙarfin kowane yanki na yanki. Babban haɓaka yana sa ya yiwu a yi amfani da faranti mai ƙyalli mai ƙyalƙyali da aka yi da bakin karfe, wanda zai jure abrasion da sunadarai na CIP. Faranti na sieve suna da ramuka masu tsayi kusan microns 125 kawai.
Ka'idar Aiki na Mai Fitar da sitaci.
Hakar ita ce tsari na yanzu wanda counter-dewatering allon shine ainihin mataki na ƙarshe. Idan ana buƙatar ɓangaren litattafan almara a kusan busasshen tsari, an rage adadin feshin ruwa da ruwan wanka. Maimakon haka ana ci gaba da fesawa ta baya don tabbatar da cewa busasshiyar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta za ta zame allon.
TATTAUNA HUKUNCIN TARBIYYA.
A kan naúrar hydrocyclone yawan ruwan 'ya'yan itace ana fitar da shi sosai. Starch ya bar mai tattarawa azaman slurry pumpable na kusan 19 oBe.
Matakin maida hankali yawanci yana ƙunshe da sashi tare da tubalan hydrocyclone don ɓarna, tattarawa da dawo da sitaci wanda aka shirya cikin jerin.
TUNATARWA
Yanzu ya rage don tsarkake madarar sitaci (dakatarwa) da cire ruwan 'ya'yan itace da ƙazanta. Yadda ake yin sa ya yi ƙasa ko ƙasa bisa ƙa'idodin da aka yi amfani da su lokacin cire ruwan sabulu daga wanki - kuna murƙushewa kuma ku jiƙa cikin ruwa mai tsabta akai -akai. Kowane mutum yana yin wanki ya san sau nawa ake buƙatar yin wring kafin ruwan wankewar ya fito sarai kuma cewa mafi wahalar yin wring ɗin ana buƙatar ƙarancin matakan rinsing.
Hakanan, ana narkar da tsinken sitaci kuma yana mai da hankali akai -akai. Don adana ruwa mai wankewa ana yin wanki a halin yanzu - watau ana amfani da ruwan sabo mai shigowa a mataki na ƙarshe kuma ana sake amfani da ambaliyar ruwa don narkewa akan matakin da ya gabata da sauransu.
HANYAR HIDROCICLONES.
Tattaunawa ya dogara ne akan bambancin keɓaɓɓen yawa na ruwa, zaruruwa da sitaci:
Musamman yawa g/ml | |
Tsari | 1,55 |
Ganuwar sel (zaruruwa) | 1,05 |
Water | 1,00 |
Ƙasa, yashi | sama da 2 |
A cikin filayen ƙarfi na hydrocyclone da centrifuge, sitaci ya daidaita da sauri, yayin da zaruruwa (ragowar ɓarna) kawai ke shawagi a cikin ruwa. Ana narkar da ruwan kai tsaye a cikin ruwa kuma yana tafiya tare da matakin ruwa.
Ta hanyar samar da kwararar ruwan da ke tafiya zuwa sitaci, yawancin zaruruwa da ke yawo a cikin ruwa ana iya tilasta su zuwa ambaliya. Ƙasa, yashi da fungi da yawa da dai sauransu suna da yawa ko nauyi fiye da sitaci kuma ba zai yiwu a raba waɗannan barbashi daga sitaci ta ƙarfin centrifugal - wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci a cire ƙazanta da yawa daga farfajiyar dankalin. tashar wanki.
Kodayake wasu ƙazanta suna tafiya tare da sitaci a cikin ruwan, akwai - ta hanyar sieve - dama ta ƙarshe don cire manyan barbashi - wannan shine barbashi mafi girma fiye da microns 125. A barbashi ba siffar zobe. Sabanin haka, suna da sifar da ba ta dace ba kuma ana iya tilasta su ta hanyar tace sieve, idan matsin lamba ya yi yawa.
Kazantar da ba a cire ta wannan hanyar ba ba za a iya cire ta kowace sananniyar dabara ba.
A cikin matakan dawo da duk sitaci dole ne a riƙe shi a cikin ruwa don haka kaɗan ne kawai ke ɓata cikin magudanar ruwa (ruwan 'ya'yan itace).
Ƙananan amfani da ruwa, yawancin famfunan suna cikin aikin kuma ana samun ƙarin zafi. Don jinkirta ci gaban ƙwayar cuta na firiji yanayin zafi yana da kyau.
A cikin ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai ɗumbin yawa, sanyaya lokacin hakar dole ne saboda a cikin ruwan zafi microbes waɗanda ke rushe furotin da mummunan wari na iya ɗaukar iko.
Ana yin tsaftacewa a Wuri tare da caustic da hypochlorite azaman wakilan tsaftacewa. Caustic wakili ne mai ƙarfi don kawar da gina furotin akan bangon ciki kuma hypochlorite ingantaccen kisa ne
A lokacin CIP yana da matukar mahimmanci a cika bututu. Tankuna sun fi dacewa CIP'ed tare da juzu'in diski mai juyawa - kuma ana buƙatar tankokin rufe. (Re .: Saukewa: TM23CIP)
Daskararren daskararre daga matattara mai jujjuyawa yana bushewa a cikin injin bushewa mai iska mai matsakaici. Ana dumama iskar a kaikaice.
Kafin bayarwa ana tace sitaci akan sieve mai kyau don cire kowane sikelin da aka ƙera a cikin injin daskarewa da dai sauransu.
Starch yana samun amfani a cikin abinci mai sauri, kayan zaki, tsiran alade, allunan, da takarda, katako da sauransu kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun.
Gyarawa. Yawancin sitaci ana amfani dashi don dalilai na masana'antu. Starch an keɓance shi don cika buƙatun mai amfani na ƙarshe wanda ke haifar da samfuran samfura na musamman. Ana amfani da dabaru da yawa da dama. Ka'idar da ta fi dacewa ta ƙunshi gyara rigar mataki uku:
Shiri
v
Reaction
v
kammala
Ta amfani da yanayi daban -daban na amsawa - zazzabi, pH, ƙari - da tsauraran matakan sarrafa samfura na musamman tare da kaddarorin musamman.
Waɗannan samfuran na musamman ana kiransu tauraron da aka canza, saboda har yanzu suna riƙe da ƙirar su ta asali don haka suna kama da ɗan asalin (wanda ba a canza shi ba) a cikin bayyanar. Amma gyara ya gabatar da ingantattun halaye a cikin sitaci lokacin dafa shi. Manna na iya samun ingantaccen haske, danko, ikon yin fim da sauransu.
Kasancewa tsattsarkan sinadarin polymer mai sabuntawa yana da aikace -aikace da yawa
Abun da ke ciki na sitaci dankalin turawa
Mazabu | Hankula bincike |
Starch, bushe abu | 80% |
Water | 20% |
Ash | 0.3% |
Sand | 0.02% |
Protein | 0.09% |
Phosphor, P | 0.07% |
Kalshiya, Ca | 0.03% |
Irin, Fe | 3 ppm |
Ruwan sanyi mai narkewa | 0.1% |
Girman rarrabawa.
Tsakanin, microns | % |
87-140 | 3 |
53-87 | 24 |
38-53 | 34 |
28-38 | 17 |
22-28 | 9.1 |
17-22 | 7.7 |
13-17 | 3.3 |
10-13 | 0.9 |
8-10 | 0.5 |
6-8 | 0.2 |
0-6 | 2.0 |
Surface na sitaci granules app. 30 da/g
App na musamman mai yawa. 1.55 g/ml
Musamman zafi 1.22 J/g
Babban nauyin sitaci 80% DS app. 0.7 g/ml
DS na app centrifugate m. 0.6 g/ml
Haske (MgO2 = 100% app. 95%
Tabbatar da abun ciki na sitaci a cikin dankali.
Abincin sitaci na dankali sabo yana da alaƙa da yawa na dankalin turawa. Samfurin 5050 g na dankalin turawa a cikin kwandon net an auna shi sama da ruwa sannan kuma an sake dulmuyar da shi cikin ruwa mai tsabta na matsakaicin 18 oC.
Wo = nauyin samfurin dankalin turawa
Wu = nauyin samfurin a ƙarƙashin ruwa
Yawa ddankalin turawa = Wo / (Wo - Wug/ml
Starch bushe abu = (ddankalin turawa -1,015059)/ 0,0046051 %
Adadin da aka lissafa a cikin kashi ya karkace kasa da 0.05 daga dabi'un da aka karanta daga teburin EU da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta aiwatar da rufe dankali da kashi 8% zuwa 23% na busasshen sitaci. Gajeriyar sigar tebur - kamar yadda take a kowace 1. Yuli 1996 - shine kamar haka:
Wo 1g | Wu 2g | Yawa d 3g / ml | Starch bushe al'amarin dankali 4% | Dankali don samar da 1 t sitaci na kasuwanci 5kg | EU-mafi ƙarancin farashi 6ECU/t dankalin turawa | EU-tallafin I zuwa masana'anta 7ECU/t dankalin turawa | EU-tallafin II ga masana'anta 8ECU/t dankalin turawa |
5050 | 352 | 1.075 | 13 | 6,533 | 32.110 | 3.405 | 13.31 |
5050 | 372 | 1.080 | 14 | 6,065 | 34.590 | 3.671 | 14.33 |
5050 | 392 | 1.084 | 15 | 5,664 | 37.040 | 3.924 | 15.35 |
5050 | 412 | 1.089 | 16 | 5,308 | 39.520 | 4.190 | 16.38 |
5050 | 430 | 1.093 | 17 | 5,000 | 41.960 | 4.456 | 17.39 |
5050 | 450 | 1.098 | 18 | 4,720 | 44.440 | 4.709 | 18.42 |
5050 | 470 | 1.103 | 19 | 4,467 | 46.960 | 4.987 | 19.46 |
5050 | 488 | 1.107 | 20 | 4,299 | 48.800 | 5.180 | 20.22 |
5050 | 508 | 1.112 | 21 | 4,234 | 49.550 | 5.253 | 20.53 |
5050 | 527 | 1.117 | 22 | 4,140 | 50.670 | 5.373 | 21.00 |
5050 | 545 | 1.121 | 23 | 4,056 | 51.720 | 5.482 | 21.43 |
1) Nauyin samfurin dankalin turawa sama da ruwa. 2) Nauyin samfurin ya nutse cikin ruwa. 3) Ƙididdigar yawa = (Wo / (Wo -Wu)). 4) Starch abun ciki bisa ga hukuma tebur. 6) Mafi ƙarancin farashin da mai ƙera zai biya kai tsaye ga manomi don samun cancantar tallafin. 7) Tallafin tallafi na EU- ƙimar samarwa-ana biyan mai ƙira, idan ya biya mafi ƙarancin farashin EU ko mafi kyau. 8) Tallafi na II- biyan daidaiton- ana biyan shi kai tsaye ga masana'anta, idan ya biya mafi ƙarancin farashin EU ko mafi kyau. Canjin musayar 1. Yuli 1996 ya 1 ECU = 1,24 US $.
Ana amfani da wannan hanyar da ta dace don daidaita asusu tare da masu samar da dankali zuwa masana'antar sitaci. Ana amfani da irin wannan hanyar don rogo. Yanayin ajiya mara kyau duk da haka na iya haifar da jujjuyawar enzyme na sitaci zuwa glucose wanda ke shafar haɓakar sitaci ba tare da canza nauyin ruwa da yawa da dankali ba. Saboda haka hanyar kawai ta shafi sabbin dankali. Hanyar ba daidai bane a kimiyance. Hanyoyi masu dogaro don ƙaddarar carbohydrates a cikin dankali sun wanzu, amma madaidaicin ɓangaren sitaci mai narkewa da ɓangaren ƙwayar hatsi na musamman ba a rarrabe da juna ta hanyar ingantattun hanyoyi.