An shirya gwaje-gwaje don 2022 a wurare uku a matsayin ɓangare na tallafin ropwarewar Bincike na Musamman.
Ga masu noman dankalin turawa a fadin Amurka, kwayar dankalin turawa Y (PVY) babbar matsala ce wacce ke haifar da cututtukan foliar da na necrotic tuber wanda ke rage girman da yawan amfanin gona a cikin nau'o'in dankalin Turawa da dama. Wani binciken Jami'ar Idaho ya kiyasta asara daga PVY ya lalata masana'antar dankalin turawa a cikin wannan jihar kadai dala miliyan 34 a shekara. Irin wannan binciken ya kiyasta raguwar 10-50% a cikin wadatar amfanin gona.
Optionsananan zaɓuɓɓuka sun kasance don sarrafa PVY, sai dai don girma da kiyaye ƙwayar cuta. Yayinda sauye-sauye ke canzawa kuma vectors suna ci gaba, USDA Masanin Ilimin Tsarin Bincike Jonathan Whitworth da Farfesa na Jami'ar Minnesota da Masanin Ilimin Tsarin Tsarin Ian MacRae suna aiki don tattara bayanan da ke taimaka wa masu noman dankalin turawa yanke shawara game da gudanarwa.
Binciken PVY na yau da kullun da aka watsa a cikin makircin nunawa
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sakamakon bin diddigin a jihohin yammacin Amurka ya nuna cewa PVYO, wanda ya taɓa zama mafi rinjaye, an raba shi da PVYNWI. A gabashin Kanada, PVY ya sanya matsuguni iri ɗayaNTN. Dogaro da iri-iri da suka girma, cutar PVY, da kuma mahalli, alamun foliar sun bambanta cikin ƙarfi. Whitworth, tare da hadin gwiwar Stewart Gray mai ritaya yanzu, sun kimanta tasirin iri daban-daban kan wasu kashi 62% na irin dankalin Turawa da aka shuka a Amurka Manufar su ita ce ta tantance waɗanne ne masu saukin kamuwa da kuma yadda alamun bayyanar ke bayyana a ƙarƙashin matsaloli daban-daban.
Aikin Whitworth yana taimakawa kawo kwayoyin halitta masu tsayayya cikin sabbin nau'ikan, kuma ya kunshi nemo hanyoyin da za'a kiyaye kayan kiwo ba tare da ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran cututtuka ba. Hakanan ya haɗa da ɗaukar layin kiwo na gaba da kimanta yadda suke amsa PVY. Juriya mai masaukin baki yana ba da mafita ga masu shuka, yana taimaka musu don rage amfani da magungunan kwari da mai na amfanin gona, in ji Whitworth.
Ta amfani da keɓaɓɓun keɓaɓɓu daga iri biyar na PVY, masu binciken sun kamu kuma sun kimanta nau'ikan dake wakiltar kashi 62% na kadada iri da aka ƙaddamar don tabbatarwa a cikin shekarar 2019. An wakilci azuzuwan kasuwa biyar kuma an yi amfani da duka iri iri 67 na dankalin turawa. Dangane da nazarin ƙididdigar foliar na gani, masu binciken sun gano mafi munin bayyanar cututtuka an haɗa su da PVYO iri Symptomsananan alamun bayyanar sun haɗu da PVYN: O.
Yayinda alamomin PVY marasa kyau suka dace a cikin samar da kasuwanci, a cikin samarda iri ƙananan alamu marasa kyau suna ba da damar madatsar ƙwayar cuta don haɓaka cikin amfanin gona. A masana'antar iri, al'adar da ake amfani da ita don rage ƙwayoyin cuta ita ce ta damfara shuke-shuke da cire ƙuri'a bisa ga alamun da aka gano na gani. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, hukumomin ba da takardar shaida sun dogara da kashi-kashi na ƙwayoyin cuta akan samfuran ganye na ELISA maimakon binciken gani. Wannan ya taimaka inganta yanayin gabaɗaya.
Da yawa iri, gami da Eva, Ciklamen da Payette Russet, sun nuna tsananin juriya ga PVY saboda kasancewar kwayar juriya. Whitworth da tawagarsa basu gano ƙwayoyin cuta ba a cikin kowane tsire-tsire da aka yiwa rigakafin ɗayan ƙwayoyin cutar keɓewa.
Iri-iri irin su Russet Norkotah da Silverton Russet, suna da alamun PVY mara sauƙi ko na ɗan lokaci kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwar matakan PVY a cikin amfanin gona.
Whitworth ta ce yin nazari da lissafin alamomin matsaloli daban-daban kan nau'ikan daban-daban na samar da mahimmin matakin yanke shawara ga masu shuka. Sanin alamun cutar a cikin nau'ikan daban-daban na taimaka musu sanin matakin da ya kamata su ɗauka. Sanin wane matakin da za a ɗauka na iya zama ƙalubale musamman yayin da sababbin matsaloli ke ci gaba da sauyawa.
A cikin 2016, an gayyaci masu shuka a cikin Washington don su duba filayen zanga-zangar PVY da ke nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan 42. A cikin 2018, an nuna iri 20 a filaye a Washington, Wisconsin da Maine. A waccan shekarar, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan amfani guda biyar da aka yi amfani da su a duk faɗin makircin zanga-zangar. Sauran 15 sun kasance takamaiman yankin.
"A cikin waɗannan gwajin abin da muka yi shi ne muna da layuka huɗu na kowane nau'i," in ji Whitworth. “Layi daya yana cikin koshin lafiya, layi daya ya kamu da cutar PVYO, daya tare da PVYN: O, kuma daya tare da PVYNTN. Ya bai wa manoma damar su zo su duba ainihin yadda tsirrai suke idan sun kamu da nau'ikan cutar PVY kuma su kwatanta su kai tsaye da lafiyayyen shuka. ”
An shirya irin wannan gwaji don 2022 a wurare uku a matsayin wani ɓangare na tallafin Researchwararren Bincike na Musamman. Yin hakan yana ba da babbar dama ga masu bincike don watsa sabon binciken PVY. Hakanan yana basu damar nuna masu girma kai tsaye yadda zasu iya sarrafawa da iyakance PVY a cikin wurin su.
Kulawa da jirgin saman vector yana ba da tsarin gargadi na farko
A cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, Ian MacRae da abokan aikinsa a Jami'ar Minnesota suna lura da jirgin vector. Dogaro da shekara, suna da ko'ina tsakanin tarko 17 da 21 waɗanda aka kafa a cikin tsakiyar Minnesota har zuwa cikin Dakota ta Arewa, suna rufe kusan mil 400 gaba ɗaya.
MacRae ya ce: "Ya ƙunshi yawancin samar da iri da ke gudana tsakanin North Dakota da Minnesota,"
Aikin sakamakon sakamakon mai nema ne; masu ba da haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke karɓar tarkon da wasiƙar jami'a ke bayarwa a cikin samfuran mako-mako. Ana rarraba samfurori kuma an gano su a cikin dakin binciken MacRae.
MacRae da dakin binciken sa sun tattara bayanai na kimani shekaru 10, suna duba jirage na yanayi, kuma sakamakon haka, suna da kyakkyawar dabara lokacin da zasu fara ganin matsi na vector.
"Dukkanin yankuna daban-daban, tasirin su ya dan bambanta, don haka wannan ya basu kayan aiki don gwadawa da fara tunanin yadda zasu gudanar da PVY din su," in ji MacRae.
GAME: Nazarin yana nuna yadda nau'in PVY daban yake shafar iri daban-daban
Ba duk aphids ake halitta ba. Kuma yayin da yawancin nau'ikan na iya kasancewa a cikin tarkon, duk basu da inganci kamar vector na PVY. Myzus persicae, ko koren peach aphid, shine mafi inganci. Aphid na waken soya ya kai kimanin kashi goma cikin XNUMX kamar yadda ya dace kamar koren pehid aphid. Ana iya yin kimantawar haɗari a yanzu dangane da jinsunan da ke nan da kuma lamba.