(NOTE: Wannan shine farkon jerin kashi biyu akan shirin Vision 2026 don sake tunani tsarin takaddun shaida na dankalin turawa.)
Dagewar mai ba da shawara kan amfanin gona don taimakawa masu noman dankalin turawa da imani cewa akwai hanya mafi sauri kuma mafi kyau don samun bayanan lafiyar iri wanda aka samar da cikakkiyar fage ga masu bincike daga USDA-ARS (Ithaca, New York) da Jami'ar Jihar Colorado (CSU) don fassara aikin da aka yi na tsawon shekaru goma zuwa amfani da duniyar gaske. Abin sha'awa shine, wannan ƙoƙari na masu ruwa da tsaki ya haɗu da kyau tare da hangen nesa na Majalisar dankalin turawa ta ƙasa 2026, ƙungiyar da aka ba da alhakin ganewa da amfani da sabbin kayan aikin da ake da su don samar da ingantattun dankali don biyan buƙatun masu amfani yayin da ragi ke daɗa tauri.
Tsarin da ke da tarihin sama da ƙarni
Takaddun shaidan dankalin turawa iri a Amurka yana da tarihin kare lafiyar dankalin iri tun daga 1913. Hukumomin takaddun shaida da masu bincike sun tantance waɗanne ƙwayoyin cuta ne suke da mahimmanci, sun ɓullo da gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci na ƙwayoyin cuta don kusan dukkanin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke iyakance samar da dankalin iri na Amurka, kuma sun haɓaka samfuran da suka dace da matakan haƙuri. don cututtukan da ke haifar da tuber.
Takaddun shaidan dankalin turawa iri na yanzu ya dogara da farko akan duban gonakin dankalin turawa a lokacin girma sannan kuma bayan girbi don gano ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar PVY. Gabaɗaya, shirye-shiryen ba da takardar shedar dankalin turawa na matakin jihohi 16 suna kimanta kadada 100,000 a lokacin rani tare da ƙarin samfurin sama da tubers miliyan ɗaya daga waɗannan filayen kowace shekara don kimanta lafiyar yawan iri a cikin tsarin gwajin hunturu.
Bukatar daidaita halin da ake ciki
Don haka, idan duk abin ya kasance a wurin, mutum na iya yin mamaki ko akwai buƙatar sake duba hanyoyin da ake yanzu. Da kyau, ci gaba da dogaro da alamun da ake iya ganewa na gani ya ba da wani nau'i na zaɓin zaɓi don nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ba su da alamun alamun a sauƙaƙe. Bugu da kari, motsi na germplasm na duniya shine ke da alhakin gabatarwa da yada sauran cututtukan da ke tasowa wadanda suke labari ko canza tun lokacin da aka fara aiwatar da takaddun iri. Sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa, kamar ƙwayoyin cuta na dankalin turawa, da ƙwayar cuta ta sigari waɗanda ke haifar da ƙin yarda da lahani na ciki, ba a fahimta sosai. Waɗannan sababbin ƙwayoyin cuta na iya bayyana alamun foliar daban-daban dangane da yanayin yanayi, shuka dankalin turawa, da latitude kuma wasu da wuya su haifar da alamun foliar.
Lokaci don yanke shawara mai mahimmanci na kasuwanci
Mafi mahimmanci, hukumomin ba da takaddun shaida na dankalin turawa yawanci suna ba da sakamakon takaddun shaida ga masu noman watanni huɗu bayan girbi tubers. Wannan ya ƙunshi tattara samfurin tubers, chemically karya tuber dormancy, shipping da yawa fam na tubers zuwa hunturu girma daga wurare kamar Hawaii da kuma Florida, samfurin ganye daga vines, gwaji, sa'an nan samar da sakamako ga manoma. Wannan lokacin yana iyakance mai shuka dankalin turawa da mai siyan iri don yanke shawarwarin gudanar da kasuwanci masu inganci yayin da suke jiran sakamakon shaidar zuriyar da ke yanke shawarar ko za'a iya siyar da iri a matsayin ingantaccen iri ko a'a.
Don samar da alƙawari ga mai son siyan dankalin turawa, mai shuka iri ya kamata ya sami sakamakon satifiket da wuri mai yuwuwa. Hanya daya da za a shawo kan wannan matsalar ita ce yin amfani da gwajin PCR (mai kama da gwajin kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2) akan sabbin tubers da aka girbe wanda zai iya inganta gano cutar yayin samar da sakamako mai sauri ga masu noma.
Wannan ya ba da ma'ana ga Don Sklarczyk, wanda ke da alhakin bincikar abubuwan da masana'antu ke buƙata a nan gaba a matsayin shugaban sa kai na Majalisar Dankali ta ƙasa na shirin kiwon lafiyar iri dankalin turawa Kwamitin hangen nesa 2026. Sklarczyk da kansa, mai kirkiro a cikin samar da dankalin turawa na nama a cikin 1980s a Sklarczyk Seed Farm, Michigan, ya yi tafiya tsakanin tattalin arzikin samar da ingantaccen aiki da haɗarin / fa'idar sabbin hanyoyin da wannan ƙwarewar ya sanya Don zaɓi na zahiri don daidaita ƙungiyoyi masu neman. sababbin hanyoyin yin abubuwa.
Yadda aka fara
Abin da ya fara a cikin dakin binciken Stewart Gray (mai ritaya USDA-ARS masanin kimiyya) a matsayin bukatar "nemo hanyar gwada tubers ga ƙwayoyin dankalin turawa kuma a iya gwada su a cikin 10,000s" tun daga lokacin ya haɓaka rayuwa ta kansa tare da sha'awa a ko'ina. jihohi daban-daban da hukumomin ba da takaddun shaida. Gwajin tuber akan sikelin da ake buƙata don tabbatar da adadin iri na iya zama ma'aunin ƙarfin ɗan adam saboda yana buƙatar tubers 400 da aka tattara bazuwar don hasashen ko matakan cututtuka suna da karbuwa a duk fage.
Amma ta yaya kuke gwada tubers da dubban? Lab ɗin Grey ya daidaita fasahar wurin aikata laifuka na 'yan sanda tare da haɓaka sigar musamman na Katunan FTA na Whatman waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a gwajin ɗan adam. Wannan sabuwar hanyar ta ba da amintacciyar hanya mai aminci don tattarawa, jigilar kaya da adana DNA dankalin turawa a cikin ɗaki. Wannan tsarin ya kuma kawar da buƙatar jigilar tubers masu nauyi da aka rufe da datti zuwa dakunan gwaje-gwaje. Bugu da ari, sun haɓaka ƙididdiga na ƙwayoyin cuta don sarrafa manyan ma'auni kuma sun gano nau'in samfurin da dole ne a ɗauka daga tuber don samun ƙididdiga masu dacewa don sanin ainihin kamuwa da cuta. Yanzu da aka ɓullo da hanyoyin, mataki na gaba na hankali shine sanya waɗannan hanyoyin cikin aikace-aikace na zahiri.
Hannu da yawa suna sa aikin haske
Koyo game da binciken Gray, mai ci gaba mai shuka iri mai sha'awar ƙarin koyo game da amfanin gonakin dankalin turawa na gonarsa tare da masu binciken USDA-ARS da CSU kuma ya ba da gonarsa, aiki, da shuka iri a matsayin wurin gwaji don haɗin gwiwar gonaki. A watan Oktoba na 2020, manomin ya aikata ma'aikatan sa na sata na tsawon kwanaki biyu na albashin ma'aikata don samfurin tuber - sarrafa tubers yana daya daga cikin shingen gwajin kwayoyin halitta.
An horar da ma'aikatan a wurin don sanya samfuran tuber akan katunan FTA waɗanda aka aika zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje na USDA-ARS don nazarin ƙasa maimakon tubers na jigilar kaya. A sakamakon haka, mai shuka ya sami fa'ida mai fa'ida tare da sakamako na farko game da shukar sa a watan Nuwamba idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun sakamakon watan Fabrairu na girma daga lokacin sanyi.
Abin da aka koya
Gaba ɗaya, ƙungiyar ta sami fahimi mai mahimmanci cewa wannan aikin yana da wasu abubuwan "yadda za a" waɗanda dole ne a magance su don haɓakawa. Lokacin da aka gabatar da sakamakon ga mai ba da haɗin gwiwar shuka iri, an yi tattaunawar da ta goyi bayan buƙatar babban kundin bayanai wanda ya haɗa da masu haɗin gwiwa daga jihohi daban-daban da yawan iri ta yadda za a iya samun bayanai tare da babban kwarin gwiwa. An maimaita gwajin tare da yawan girbi iri na 2021 da ƙarin masu shuka iri daga Idaho, Colorado, Nebraska da Washington. Wadancan masu noman duk sun sami nasu sakamakon gwajin iri na sirri na PVY, PMTV da TRV a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba na wannan shekara kuma suna jiran sakamakon gwajin girma na waɗannan tubers don kwatantawa.
A sararin sama
Shirin NPC Vision 2026 yana neman ƙarshe don ba da damar masana'antar dankalin turawa suyi amfani da sabuwar fasahar gwaji mai ƙarfi, wasu sun haɓaka saboda ƙwayar cuta ta SARS-CoV-2 da bambance-bambancen ta. Membobin Vision 2026 suna neman abokan haɗin gwiwa don yin hakan. Wannan aikin noman iri wanda aka ƙware don haɓaka aikin gona da samfurin lab don ɗaukar manyan kayan aikin kasuwanci na gwajin ƙwayar dankalin turawa na PCR tare da ganowa da rage shingaye don ɗaukar mafi girman wannan tsarin ƙila shine abin da NPC ta zayyana.
Kasancewar masu noman dankalin turawa iri da ake tsammani a cikin wannan aikin da ake sa ran samun sakamako cikin sauri fiye da yadda ake sa ran za su haɓaka karɓuwar wannan sabuwar hanyar da masana'antar dankalin turawa ta Amurka ke yi, a madadin, canzawa zuwa babban kayan aiki na tushen ƙwayoyin cuta. tare da samar da masana'antar dankalin turawa da sauri, ingantaccen bayanan lafiyar iri, wanda yakamata ya inganta inganci nan gaba da fatan inganta kasuwancin amfanin gona na kasuwanci.
Muna ci gaba da taka tsantsan, duk da haka. Wannan tsarin tafiyar shekaru goma na haɓakawa da kawo wannan hanya zuwa ga ma'auni ya kamata a kiyaye kariya daga wuce gona da iri da gwajin dankalin iri, duk tare da ba da damar sassauci don magance cututtukan da ke tasowa.