Da dadewa, an san dankali a matsayin mafi kyawun kayan abinci na ɗan adam. Bugu da ƙari, yana ɗaya daga cikin amfanin gona mai albarka da ake nomawa don fasaha da kuma kayan abinci. "Don noma dankali a cikin gonaki," in ji Academician DN Pryanishnikov, daidai yake da samun kunnuwa uku inda daya ya yi girma. A cikin mutane, ana kiran dankali da gurasa na biyu. Masu shuka dankalin turawa na kasar, suna yin saiti na ayyukan agrotechnical da ake buƙata, daidai da aiwatar da sabuntawa iri-iri, sun tabbatar da cewa a yawancin gundumomi da yankuna yana yiwuwa a sami barga da amfanin gona na tubers kowace shekara a cikin kewayon 250-300 c / ha. Amincewa da cika waɗannan alamun kuma a cikin ɗaya daga cikin manyan gonaki na yankin Moscow, OOO "Razdolie". Anan a cikin 2019, an noma da girbe amfanin gonar dankalin turawa: kusan tan dubu tara. Masanin agronomist na gona Roman Karpunin ya sake ziyarci ofishin edita na GlavAgronom, wanda ya raba sirrin sana'a na girma "Zavidovsky" dankali.
GlavAgronom. Har yaushe kuke noma dankali a gonar Razdolie LLC?
Roman Karpunin. Razdolie LLC ya fara shuka dankali a cikin 2015. Dole ne a ce sanya filayen cikin tsari bayan lokacin da suka rage na shekaru 15-20 ba abu mai sauƙi ba ne, kuma har yanzu ana yin wannan aikin. Dazuzzuka sun yi girma a wurare da yawa, inda namomin kaza da berries suna da yawa a lokacin rani. Amma, duk da duk matsalolin, muna ƙoƙarin gabatar da sababbin wurare a kowace shekara, kuma idan zai yiwu, muna cire ciyayi na itace.
GlavAgronom. Menene fasahar noman dankalin turawa - tare da tazarar jere na 70 ko 90 cm?
Roman Karpunin. Don kanmu, mun zaɓi fasahar da ba ta da yawa a Rasha tare da jeri na 90 cm. Wannan yana ba mu damar haɓaka yawan injunan aikin gona, rage ƙarancin ƙasa a cikin yankin samar da tuber, haɓaka kasuwa da yawan amfanin ƙasa, da rage yawan amfani da iri lokacin girma don dalilai na abinci. Tsarin tsarin ruwa-iska da aka yi tare da wannan fasaha yana rage yawan kamuwa da tsire-tsire tare da rashin lafiya ta hanyar 10-15%, tubers - sau 2-3.
glavagronom.ruPhoto: glavagronom.ru Dankali da ake girma a cikin Razdolie LLC
GlavAgronom. Abubuwan buƙatun dankalin turawa na magabata a cikin jujjuyawar amfanin gona sun bambanta dangane da ƙasa da yanayin yanayi. Menene magabata a yankin lokacin da ake noman dankali?
Roman Karpunin. Zaɓin amfanin gona don juyawa amfanin gona ya dogara ne akan alkiblar tattalin arziki. A zamaninmu, yawancin masana'antun noma suna da kowace alkibla guda ɗaya: ko dai kiwon dabbobi ko noman amfanin gona. Kuma tuni, a kan haka, an tsara wani shiri na sanya amfanin gona a cikin jujjuyawar amfanin gona. Tabbas, kowane yanki na yanayin yanayi yana da halayensa. Alal misali, a cikin tsakiyar yankin yanayin yanayi, a matsayin mai mulkin, amfanin gona na hatsi, amfanin gona na perennial da ciyawa na shekara-shekara, da wuya amfanin gona na jere da amfanin gona na masana'antu ana zaba a matsayin manyan magabata na dankali. Haka kuma ana aiwatar da shuka maimaituwa na monoculture. A kan gonakinmu, muna amfani da jujjuyawar amfanin gona na gonaki huɗu ta amfani da amfanin gona na hunturu (alkama, hatsin rai) da na bazara (na hatsi), kuma mukan zo shuka, a matsayin amfanin gona mai tsaka-tsaki, cakuda vetch-oat. Idan dole ne a sanya dankali a kan dankali, to, ba fiye da shekaru biyu a cikin filin daya ba. Amma, a matsayin mai mulkin, muna ƙoƙari mu juya filayen ta hanyar da al'adun suka dawo da shi a kalla bayan kakar wasa guda.
GlavAgronom. Har yaushe kuke amfani da sake dasa amfanin gona? Daga cikin duk ayyukan noma da ke ba da gudummawar haɓakar noman dankalin turawa, aikin noma yana da matuƙar mahimmanci. Dankali yana buƙatar babban buƙatu akan yanayin jiki na ƙasa, wato, friability, sifting da danshi. Faɗa mana jerin da lokacin noma don dankali: asali, ko kaka da dasa shuki.
Roman Karpunin. Muna ƙoƙarin ci gaba da noman noma kaɗan. Don haka, noman kaka bayan hatsi ana aiwatar da shi kawai tare da harrows diski a cikin waƙoƙi ɗaya ko biyu. A cikin bazara, idan ya cancanta, muna aiwatar da ko dai noma ko aiki tare da mai noma tare da subsoiler. Don haka, kafin dasa shuki, mun ƙirƙiri mafi kyawun yanayi don haɓakawa da haɓaka shuke-shuken dankalin turawa.
GlavAgronom. Takin zamani mafi inganci kuma na kowa shine taki, wanda ingancinsa ya dogara da adadin kwanciya, kayan jikinsa da sinadarai, nau'in dabbobi, shekarun su, tsawon lokacin rumfar da ingancin abinci. Menene ingancin amfani da taki ga dankali a gona, adadin taki idan aka shafa? Yaya yawan amfanin dankalin turawa ke canzawa dangane da adadin taki? Menene hanyar adana taki a gona? Ko ana amfani da wasu nau'ikan takin gargajiya. Ana amfani da takin koren taki? Lissafin allurai, sharuɗɗa da hanyoyin amfani da takin ma'adinai don dankali.
Roman Karpunin. Matsayin takin gargajiya a cikin tsarin noma na kowace tattalin arziki ba abin musantawa ba ne. Amma saboda gaskiyar cewa kamfanoni.
GlavAgronom. A cikin ma'auni na gabaɗaya don samun yawan amfanin gona na dankali, ingancin kayan shuka da shirye-shiryensa na dasa shuki suna da mahimmanci. Shin gonakin yana aiwatar da rarrabuwa ko daidaitawa tare da rabuwa da tubers iri zuwa guntu, rarraba kayan dasa, germination?
Roman Karpunin. Saboda gaskiyar cewa lokacin dasa shuki dankali na sassa daban-daban, tsire-tsire marasa daidaituwa suna yiwuwa, muna tsarawa da daidaita kayan shuka. A matsayinka na mai mulki, muna amfani da tubers masu girma dabam daga 35 zuwa 50 mm. Har zuwa lokacin dasa shuki, muna ƙoƙarin kula da mafi kyawun zafin jiki a cikin ajiya, lokacin da tubers sun riga sun fara farkawa da tsiro, amma a lokaci guda ba mu ƙyale sprouts su shimfiɗa cikin zaren (wanda za'a iya lura da shi a lokacin). yanayin zafi da rashin haske).
GlavAgronom. A wane lokaci kalanda ake dasa tubers?
Roman Karpunin. A matsayinka na mai mulki, mun bar don saukowa da wuri, riga a cikin kwanakin farko na Mayu. Muna ƙoƙari mu sauka cikin kwanaki 9-11. Bai dace a jinkirta dasa shuki ba saboda rashin daidaituwar tsiron dankalin turawa, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin jin daɗi a cikin tsara duka hanyoyin dasa shuki da ayyukan agrotechnical gabaɗaya akan filayen gona.
GlavAgronom. Wace hanya ce ta dasa shuki tare da tazarar layi ya fi yawa akan gona? Zurfin saukarwa? Dasa kayan dasa rates dangane da dasa juna?
Roman Karpunin. Babu shakka duk shuka dankali suna da nisa tsakanin layuka na 90 cm. Zurfin dasa shuki yana daidaitawa bisa ga alamomi kamar tsarin ƙasa, inganci, iri iri. A matsayinka na mai mulki, wannan alamar ta bambanta a matakin 16-22 cm. Ana kiyaye yawan shuka daga 36 zuwa dubu 39 tubers a kowace hectare tare da nisa tsakanin tubers na 28-32 cm.
GlavAgronom. An sabunta kayan iri bisa tsari?
Roman Karpunin. Sakamakon amfanin gona kai tsaye ya dogara da ingancin kayan iri, don haka muna sabunta kayan shuka kowace shekara tare da haifuwa ba ƙasa da manyan masu girma ba. Muna zaɓar filayen iri daga abin da muka bar tsaba don wani shekara ɗaya ko biyu.
glavagronom.ruPhoto: glavagronom.ru Dankali da ake girma a cikin Razdolie LLC
GlavAgronom. Gonar ku ta mayar da hankali kan samar da dankalin iri? Abin da zoned irin dankali rinjaye?
Roman Karpunin. Abubuwan da muke samarwa sun mayar da hankali ne kan samar da dankalin turawa zuwa manyan hanyoyin sadarwa a kasar, wadanda ke sanya bukatu mai yawa kan ingancin kayayyakin da aka kawo. Dangane da wannan, mun zaɓi nau'ikan kiwo na Jamusanci da Yaren mutanen Holland saboda haɓakar haɓakar su da kwanciyar hankali, dandano mai kyau. A halin yanzu, a cikin layinmu muna da irin su Sarauniya Anna, Red Scarlett, Gala, Colombo. Bugu da kari, a kowace shekara muna shimfida filaye inda muke shuka sabbin nau'ikan dankali masu albarka, muna nazarin yuwuwarsu da darajarsu don kara samarwa.
GlavAgronom. Shin ana la'akari da juriyar nau'ikan cututtuka da kwari na amfanin gona?
Roman Karpunin. Dankali yana daya daga cikin amfanin gona da aka fi amfani da shi a duniya, don haka yawan cututtuka da kwari yana da yawa sosai. Tabbas, akwai nau'ikan da za su iya jure wa ɗayan abubuwa masu cutarwa ko fiye, amma a kowane hali, shuka dole ne a kiyaye shi daga hadadden ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa. Magunguna na zamani suna iya ba da, tare da dacewa da amfani da lokaci, kariya daga dankali daga mafi yawan sanannun cututtuka da kwari, sabili da haka, lokacin zabar nau'i-nau'i, mun fi jagorancin irin waɗannan alamun kamar yawan amfanin ƙasa, buƙatar kasuwa, da alamun samfurin waje.
GlavAgronom. A cikin ma'auni na gabaɗaya don samun yawan amfanin gona na dankali, ingancin kayan shuka da shirye-shiryensa na dasa shuki suna da mahimmanci. Shin gonakin yana aiwatar da rarrabuwa ko daidaitawa tare da rabuwa da tubers iri zuwa guntu, rarraba kayan dasa, germination?
Roman Karpunin. Saboda gaskiyar cewa lokacin dasa shuki dankali na sassa daban-daban, tsire-tsire marasa daidaituwa suna yiwuwa, muna tsarawa da daidaita kayan shuka. A matsayinka na mai mulki, muna amfani da tubers masu girma dabam daga 35 zuwa 50 mm. Har zuwa lokacin dasa shuki, muna ƙoƙarin kula da mafi kyawun zafin jiki a cikin ajiya, lokacin da tubers sun riga sun fara farkawa da tsiro, amma a lokaci guda ba mu ƙyale sprouts su shimfiɗa cikin zaren (wanda za'a iya lura da shi a lokacin). yanayin zafi da rashin haske).
GlavAgronom. A wane lokaci kalanda ake dasa tubers?
Roman Karpunin. A matsayinka na mai mulki, mun bar don saukowa da wuri, riga a cikin kwanakin farko na Mayu. Muna ƙoƙari mu sauka cikin kwanaki 9-11. Bai dace a jinkirta dasa shuki ba saboda rashin daidaituwar tsiron dankalin turawa, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin jin daɗi a cikin tsara duka hanyoyin dasa shuki da ayyukan agrotechnical gabaɗaya akan filayen gona.
GlavAgronom. Wace hanya ce ta dasa shuki tare da tazarar layi ya fi yawa akan gona? Zurfin saukarwa? Dasa kayan dasa rates dangane da dasa juna?
Roman Karpunin. Babu shakka duk shuka dankali suna da nisa tsakanin layuka na 90 cm. Zurfin dasa shuki yana daidaitawa bisa ga alamomi kamar tsarin ƙasa, inganci, iri iri. A matsayinka na mai mulki, wannan alamar ta bambanta a matakin 16-22 cm. Ana kiyaye yawan shuka daga 36 zuwa dubu 39 tubers a kowace hectare tare da nisa tsakanin tubers na 28-32 cm.
GlavAgronom. An sabunta kayan iri bisa tsari?
Roman Karpunin. Sakamakon amfanin gona kai tsaye ya dogara da ingancin kayan iri, don haka muna sabunta kayan shuka kowace shekara tare da haifuwa ba ƙasa da manyan masu girma ba. Muna zaɓar filayen iri daga abin da muka bar tsaba don wani shekara ɗaya ko biyu.
glavagronom.ruPhoto: glavagronom.ru Dankali da ake girma a cikin Razdolie LLC
GlavAgronom. Gonar ku ta mayar da hankali kan samar da dankalin iri? Abin da zoned irin dankali rinjaye?
Roman Karpunin. Abubuwan da muke samarwa sun mayar da hankali ne kan samar da dankalin turawa zuwa manyan hanyoyin sadarwa a kasar, wadanda ke sanya bukatu mai yawa kan ingancin kayayyakin da aka kawo. Dangane da wannan, mun zaɓi nau'ikan kiwo na Jamusanci da Yaren mutanen Holland saboda haɓakar haɓakar su da kwanciyar hankali, dandano mai kyau. A halin yanzu, a cikin layinmu muna da irin su Sarauniya Anna, Red Scarlett, Gala, Colombo. Bugu da kari, a kowace shekara muna shimfida filaye inda muke shuka sabbin nau'ikan dankali masu albarka, muna nazarin yuwuwarsu da darajarsu don kara samarwa.
GlavAgronom. Shin ana la'akari da juriyar nau'ikan cututtuka da kwari na amfanin gona?
Roman Karpunin. Dankali yana daya daga cikin amfanin gona da aka fi amfani da shi a duniya, don haka yawan cututtuka da kwari yana da yawa sosai. Tabbas, akwai nau'ikan da za su iya jure wa ɗayan abubuwa masu cutarwa ko fiye, amma a kowane hali, shuka dole ne a kiyaye shi daga hadadden ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa. Magunguna na zamani suna iya ba da, tare da dacewa da amfani da lokaci, kariya daga dankali daga mafi yawan sanannun cututtuka da kwari, sabili da haka, lokacin zabar nau'i-nau'i, mun fi jagorancin irin waɗannan alamun kamar yawan amfanin ƙasa, buƙatar kasuwa, da alamun samfurin waje.
GlavAgronom. Shin duk shuka dankalin da aka shuka yana ƙarƙashin binciken shekara-shekara don gano abubuwan keɓancewa - kansar dankalin turawa, nematode dankalin turawa, asu dankalin turawa, da sauransu?
Roman Karpunin. Tabbas, muna gudanar da karatun shekara-shekara game da shuka dankalin turawa don kasancewar abubuwan keɓancewa, tunda ana ba da samfuranmu a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa a duk faɗin Rasha, har zuwa Gabas mai Nisa.
glavagronom.ruPhoto: glavagronom.ru Dankali da ake girma a cikin Razdolie LLC
GlavAgronom. Tsaftacewa yana daya daga cikin ayyuka masu yawan aiki. An saita farkon da tsawon lokacin girbi dangane da manufar dankalin turawa da balaga ta physiological. A cikin wane lokaci ne ake aiwatar da cirewar kafin girbi kuma ta wace hanya: sinadaran, inji ko hade. Wane mai girbin ɗigo ne ake amfani da shi don yankan ƙwanƙwasa? Wani nau'in girbin dankalin turawa ake amfani da shi don girbi tubers, na gida ko shigo da shi? Ana sake yin noma tare da sake zabar sauran tubers?
Roman Karpunin. Tun da muke kokarin shuka farkon-ripening iri, za mu fara desiccation na fi riga a farkon watan Agusta. A matsayinka na mai mulki, wannan sinadari ne mai ƙonewa tare da maganin fungicide don hana yaduwar cutar marigayi a kan tubers dankalin turawa. Desiccation na manyan wuraren yawanci yakan fara ne a tsakiyar watan Agusta, kuma a nan mun riga mun yi amfani da tsarin hade, lokacin da, bayan konewa, mun yanke kayan aiki. Don yin wannan, muna amfani da Grimme defoliators.
A cikin arsenal ɗinmu muna amfani da masu girbin dankalin turawa na Grimme daga waje. Suna da kyakkyawan aiki, ingancin tsaftacewa da amfani da makamashi. A matsakaita, masu girbi biyu suna tono daga ton 320 zuwa 400 na dankali kowace rana.
GlavAgronom. Yaya cinikin tubers yake? Shin kun saita farashin siyayya don manyan dankalin iri iri iri?
Roman Karpunin. Mafi yawan dankalin da ake sayarwa abinci ne. Muna ba da tabbaci ga duk samfuran kuma muna sayar da su a cikin fakiti na 5 da 25 kg zuwa manyan sarƙoƙin dillalai a cikin ƙasar. Ana jigilar kayayyaki a halin yanzu, kuma yana cikin kwanciyar hankali a kasuwa. Lokacin da aka ƙayyade farashin sayayya, ba shakka, muna dogara ne akan alamomin kasuwa, amma muna iya cewa da tabbaci cewa a halin yanzu ana sayar da dankalin mu akan farashi sama da matsakaicin kasuwa saboda ingancinsa.
riamo.ruPhoto: riamo.ruAiki akan bel ɗin rarrabawa
GlavAgronom. Don sanin ingancin shuka iri tubers a cikin fall, kafin adanawa, da sayar da kafin dasa shuki, kuna gudanar da wani tuber bincike?
Roman Karpunin. Don dasa shuki dankali, muna amfani da kayan iri masu inganci kawai da tabbatarwa. Babban haɗari yana wakiltar cututtuka irin su baƙar fata, rot iri-iri, da kuma kamuwa da cututtukan hoto. Don haka, bayan bincika dakunan gwaje-gwajen da aka amince da su, mun yanke shawara kan ko yana da amfani mu bar kayan dashen mu, ko kuma ya zama dole a sabunta shi. Wato, muna ƙoƙarin rage haɗarin da ke tattare da raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa saboda shuka iri marasa inganci.
GlavAgronom. Menene matsakaicin yawan amfanin gonar dankalin turawa a kowace kadada a cikin wannan shekara da kuma a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata?
Roman Karpunin. Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa a shekarar 2019 ya kasance ton 52 a kowace hekta a cikin nauyi mai yawa. A shekarun baya, wannan adadi ya kai daga ton 23 zuwa 29 a kowace kadada.
GlavAgronom. Ajiya Wadanne matakai na rigakafi kafin a dasa dankali don ajiya ana aiwatar da su a cikin ajiyar dankalin turawa, wane nau'in ajiya ne a gonar?
Roman Karpunin. Muna ajiye girbin ne kawai a cikin shagunan da ba su da lahani. A lokaci guda, duk kayan aikin sito da wuraren ana sarrafa su sosai. Ana ci gaba da sarrafa rodents. Don ajiya, muna amfani da ɗakunan ajiya irin na hangar, waɗanda aka bambanta ta hanyar sauƙi na ƙira, inganci, ƙarancin amfani da makamashi da sauƙi na shimfiɗa amfanin gona.
GlavAgronom. Shin gonakin noman dankalin turawa ne da wuri, menene fasalolin fasahar noma lokacin girma?
Roman Karpunin. Dole ne a fahimci cewa dankalin farko samfurori ne da ke zuwa kan shaguna daga yankunan kudancin tun farkon Yuli. Abin takaici, a cikin yanayinmu, yana da wuya a sami girbi dankalin turawa a cikin waɗannan sharuɗɗan, sabili da haka, farkon lokacin da muke shirye don jigilar kayan mu shine tsakiyar watan Agusta. Tabbas, yana yiwuwa a shuka tubers a ƙarƙashin fim ɗin a cikin ashirin na Afrilu, amma wannan yana da tsada sosai, kuma, a ƙarshe, baya bada garantin farkon sakin samfuran don siyarwa.
GlavAgronom. Na gode da tattaunawar!