Toari da daidaitawa da yanayin girma iri-iri, yawancin dankalin turawa daji suna alfahari da kariya mai ƙarfi game da cututtuka kamar ƙarshen bushewa
Coan uwan da ke nesa na dankalin turawa na iya riƙe mabuɗin don buɗe sababbin hanyoyin juriya ga cutar ta mafi girma ta tuber, ƙarshen buguwa.
Wannan shine fatan da kungiyar masana kimiyyar aikin gona (ARS), wadanda suka gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a dakin gwaje-gwaje inda suka fallasa ganyen nau'o'in dankalin turawa daban-daban guda 72 ga cututtukan da suka kamu da cutar Magungunan Phytophthora- wannan mai laifin wanda ya jawo yunwar Dankalin Turawa ta Irish na 1840s.
Late blight ya kasance barazana a duniya a yau ba kawai dankalin turawa ba, har ma da albarkatun tumatir, wanda ke haifar da kimanin dala biliyan 6.7 a kowace shekara a cikin asarar amfanin gona da farashin sarrafawa. A cikin nau'ikan da ke saukin kamuwa, ƙwayoyin cuta irin na naman gwari suna haifar da raunin duhu da sauran alamomin cutar waɗanda ke saurin saurin ganyen tsire-tsire, kara, 'ya'yan itace ko tubers, in ji Dennis Halterman, masanin kimiyyar halittar shuka tare da etungiyar Binciken Kayan Lambu na ARS a Madison, Wisconsin.
A can, Halterman ya ƙware a cikin jinsin “tseren makamai” wanda tsire-tsire dankalin turawa ke shiga tare da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke kai musu hari da cutar da su, galibi suna tilasta wa masu noman ramuwar gayya don ramuwar gayya tare da sarrafa sinadarai kamar kayan gwari wanda zai iya rage farashin samarwa da damuwa kan cutarwar muhalli.
Tare da haɗin gwiwar masanin kimiyyar ARS Shelley Jansky (mai ritaya) da kuma masanin binciken ARS Hari Karki, Halterman ya sa ido kan dangin da ke da wuya na dankalin turawa da ke noman daji a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka, da kuma Meziko, inda ƙarshen makara ya samo asali tare da haɓaka tare shukar, memba ne na dangin dare.
"Kodayake yawancin jinsunan daji suna yin kananan dankalin turawa wanda ba za ku so ku ci ba - hakika za su iya baku rashin lafiya - suna cikin mawuyacin yanayi ba tare da takin zamani, ban ruwa ko magungunan kwari ba," in ji Halterman a cikin bidiyon ilmantarwa kan kokarinsa.
Toari da daidaitawa da yanayin girma iri-iri, yawancin dankalin turawa daji suna alfahari da kariya mai ƙarfi game da cututtuka kamar ƙarshen bushewa. Wannan ya sa suka zama mahimmin abu na musamman don ƙwayoyin halittar juriya waɗanda ke iya fa'idantar da nau'o'in noma - kuma mafi yawa, suna ba da gudummawa ga wadatar abinci ta duniya.
Halterman ya ce "Da zarar mun gano wani nau'in da ke dauke da juriya, burinmu shi ne mu sauya wannan juriyar zuwa dankalin turawa ta yadda manoma za su iya shuka amfanin gona mai kyau ta hanyar amfani da maganin kashe kwari."
Bukatar sabbin hanyoyin samun tsayayyiyar tashin hankali na yau da kullun. Ta wani bangaren, wannan saboda rashin karfin kwayar cuta ne ta canzawa zuwa wasu nau'ukan daban-daban wadanda zasu iya shawo kan kwayoyin halittar dankalin turawa don kariya daga cutar. Daga cikin waɗannan akwai US-23, mafi bambancin bambancin da ke yawo a cikin dankalin Amurka, da kuma NL13316, wani mawuyacin bambancin da zai iya “kawar da” asalin kwayar dankalin turawa da aka sani don bayar da ƙarfin jituwa mai saurin faduwa, wato RB.
Daga cikin jimillar jinsin 72 da masu binciken suka yi nazari a kansu, 12 daga cikinsu sun nuna tsananin juriya na ganye wanda ba a taba rubuta shi ba a baya, hakan ya bude kofa ga sabbin hanyoyin kariya gaba daya daga cutar marainiya.
Wannan ya ce, haɓaka sabbin irin dankalin turawa tare da sababbin halaye abu ne mai tsayi, ɗaukar shekaru 10-15 kafin su shirya kasuwa. Amma Halterman yana da fatan cewa tare da sabbin hanyoyin kamar zabi mai taimakawa da alama, taswirar kwayar halitta da ikon hadawa (kwafa) da saka takamaiman kwayar halittar sha'awa, halaye masu daraja kamar tsayayyar iska mai saurin yaduwa za a iya shigo dasu cikin sabbin alkawurran da sauri da inganci.
Biyar daga cikin nau'ikan fitattun mutane 12 - wato, S. agrimonifolium, S. albornozii, S. chomatophilum, S. hypacrathrum da kuma S. piura—Na iya amfani da shi a cikin shirye-shiryen kiwo dankalin turawa kai tsaye ba tare da wani muhimmin matakin bincike na farko ba wanda ya zama dole don shawo kan rashin daidaito tsakanin chromosomal irin na dankalin turawa, masu binciken sun ruwaito a cikin mujallar Disamba 2020 Cututtukan Shuka..
The Sabis na Noma ita ce babbar ma'aikatar binciken kimiyyar cikin gida ta Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka. Kullum, ARS tana mai da hankali kan hanyoyin magance matsalolin noma da suka shafi Amurka. Kowane dala da aka saka hannun jari a cikin binciken bincike na noma yana haifar da dala 17 na tasirin tattalin arziki.