Me ke damun noman dankalin turawa? Zuwa ga kasan wannan tambayar ya ƙunshi himma da ilimi. Wadannan alamomin sun samo asali ne daga kwarin lygus. Idan ka ɗaga shukar ka kalli gindin, za ka ga tabo inda kwarorin lygus ke cin abinci da sassan bakinsu masu tsotsa.
Lokacin gano matsalolin da ke cikin filin gona, yana taimakawa wajen tunanin kanka a matsayin mai binciken wurin aikata laifuka da ke neman alamu da kuma kafa tsarin lokaci na abubuwan da suka faru.
Kasance da hankali
Ana iya samun dalilai daban-daban don irin wannan bayyanar cututtuka. Misali, birgima da ganyayen da aka yi birgima tare da margin shunayya da rawaya na iya nuna cutar guntu na zebra, raunin ciyarwar lygus, taka shukar, da ƙari. Me yasa? Lalacewar a matakin aiki iri ɗaya ne. Dukansu suna hana carbohydrates da pigments masu motsi daga ganye zuwa sauran shuka, ko dai ta hanyar toshe phloem ko ta hanyar lalata ƙwayoyin phloem.
Yi nazarin tsire-tsire da abin ya shafa sosai
Nemo rashin daidaituwa kuma ku lura da waɗanne sassan shuka ne abin ya shafa. Rashin ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki na iya zama da wahala a gano asali, amma wurin da alamun bayyanar a kan shuka zai iya taimaka maka rage zaɓuɓɓukan. Abubuwan gina jiki waɗanda ke motsawa cikin yardar rai ta cikin shuka a cikin xylem da phloem (misali, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium) yawanci suna nuna alamun bayyanar tsofaffi, manyan ganye. Shi ke nan domin shuka remobilized wadannan na gina jiki ta phloem, daga tsohon ganye zuwa sabon - watau, suna sadaukar da tsohon girma ga sabon.
Wannan baya faruwa tare da abubuwan gina jiki da basa motsawa a cikin phloem (misali, calcium, iron, zinc). Don haka lokacin da shuka ya fara ƙarewa daga waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki, zaku iya samun alamun bayyanar sabon girma. Nemo alamun kwari ko ƙwayoyin cuta, shaidar jiki kamar fungal mycelia da spores, kwari da ɗigon su, yanar gizo, da sauransu.
Miƙa samfuran shuka zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje na bincike don dubawa na kusa.
- Tattara tsire-tsire tare da alamun da ba a rufe su ta hanyar lalacewa ko matsalolin sakandare. Tattara yawancin shuka kamar yadda zai yiwu. Haɗa tsire-tsire masu lafiya don kwatanta.
- Saka samfuran a cikin jakunkuna na filastik, ko a cikin jakunkuna na takarda idan aika kayan jiki kamar tubers dankalin turawa. Kar a kara ruwa. Saka komai a cikin akwati mai ƙarfi kuma kiyaye shi sanyi har sai an aika.
- Cika samfurin ƙaddamar da fom kuma sanar da lab a lokacin da ake tsammanin jigilar kaya.
- Jirgin ruwa ASAP. Zuwan rana mai zuwa ya fi kyau, sai dai lokacin da zai isa can a karshen mako lokacin da aka rufe lab.
Nemo alamu a cikin filin
Kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa, alamun da ke haifar da abubuwan da ba masu rai ba (masu aikin injiniya, sinadarai, abinci mai gina jiki, muhalli, da dai sauransu) sun kasance sun kasance daidai a fadin tsire-tsire da aka shafa kuma suna bayyana a cikin layi (A) ko tsarin yau da kullum (B) a cikin filin. Alamun da ke haifar da rayuwa (cututtuka, kwari, da sauransu) kusan koyaushe suna bambanta, tare da wasu tsire-tsire suna nuna alamun ci gaba fiye da wasu, suna faruwa a cikin yanayin da ba daidai ba a cikin filin. Cututtuka kamar marigayi blight, Verticillium wilt, da nematode ko lalacewar wireworm suna haifar da hotspots (C). Kwarin kwari da suka saba yin aiki daga gefen filin (misali, Colorado dankalin turawa beetles, leafhoppers, da dankalin turawa psyllids) a halitta halitta bayyanar cututtuka da suka fara kusa da filin filin (D).
Kafa tsarin lokaci
Alamun sun bayyana kwatsam ko a hankali? Shin alamun suna yaduwa? Alamomin da ke haifar da yanayi (misali, ƙanƙara, walƙiya, iska) ko kuskuren aikace-aikacen (misali, ƙwanƙolin ciyawa, ragowar tankin fesa) yawanci suna bayyana nan da nan ko jim kaɗan bayan taron. Kuma ba su yada zuwa wasu tsire-tsire daga baya. Alamun da abubuwan rayuwa ke haifar da su sukan bayyana a hankali. Yawancin cututtuka da matsalolin kwari suna yaduwa daga shuka zuwa shuka, wani lokacin a hankali (misali, wayaworms) da kuma wani lokaci cikin sauri (misali, ciwon mara).
Tara bayanai
Yi la'akari game da halayen ƙasa, abubuwan amfanin gona, da yanayin yanayin da ke kaiwa ga gano alamun. Ana biyan bukatun abinci na shuka? Za a iya yin kuskure tare da aikace-aikacen (misali, ƙimar amfani mara kyau, ragowar tankin fesa)? Menene yanayin yanayi? Shin yanayi ya canza ba zato ba tsammani? Tsire-tsire masu girma a cikin yanayi mai sanyi da gajimare sukan haifar da ganye tare da sirara kuma bayyananne cuticle. Suna da taushi kuma suna iya lalacewa lokacin da ya zama zafi da rana, ko iska sosai, ko sanyi.
Yi la'akari da tarihin filin
Shin akwai wani abu da aka yi amfani da shi a kakar da ta gabata wanda zai iya shafar tsire-tsire a yanzu? Yawancin herbicides na iya dawwama a cikin ƙasa tsawon isa ya lalata dankalin da aka dasa a shekara mai zuwa (misali, Arsenal, bi [BASF], Banvel [Arysta LifeScience], da Sanya (Corteva Agriscience)). Matsalolin ɗaukar nauyi suna iya faruwa yayin da kuke amfani da yawan maganin ciyawa, amfani da maganin ciyawa a ƙarshen kakar, ko kuma inda yanayin muhalli (misali fari) ko halayen ƙasa (misali, ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙasa mara nauyi) yana haifar da raguwar sinadarai a hankali. .
Shin akwai matsaloli da dankali ko wasu amfanin gona da ake nomawa a gona a baya? Cututtukan da ke cikin ƙasa da lalacewa daga nematodes ko wireworms na iya sake dawowa idan sun haifar da matsala a baya. Yana da wuya a kawar da su gaba ɗaya, har ma da fumigants na ƙasa da sauran tsoma baki. Matsalolin ingancin ƙasa (misali, ƙasa sodic, ƙasa saline, pH matsananci) suna nunawa komai amfanin gona, idan yanayin ƙasa bai inganta ba.