A cikin shekaru da yawa, masu bincike sun tara bayanai masu yawa waɗanda ke kwatanta fa'idodi da rashin amfani na gabaɗaya da yanke iri. Kwanan nan, ƙungiyar tawa ta bincika bayanai daga shekaru 10 a jere na gwaji na filin kwatanta martanin da aka yanke dankali da kanana, dukan dankalin iri (wanda kuma aka sani da iri-digo guda) zuwa magungunan ƙwayar cuta wanda ke kaiwa Fusarium bushe bushe.
Wannan labarin ya bayyana a cikin March 2022 fitowa ta Dankalin Turawa.
Binciken da aka buga a baya ya nuna cewa yin amfani da yankakken iri da aka bi da maganin iri na fungicides mai karewa ya haifar da ƙarancin bushewar Fusarium da yawan amfanin ƙasa (na manyan tubers da yawan amfanin ƙasa gaba ɗaya) idan aka kwatanta da iri-digo ɗaya wanda bai sami maganin fungicide ba. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan binciken da ya gabata, ba a yi kwatancen iri-digo ɗaya ba wanda aka yi da maganin fungicides. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an ƙera irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen a Jami'ar Idaho don haɗawa da irin wannan jiyya, inda aka shafa magungunan kashe qwari zuwa iri ɗaya.
Musamman, muna so mu san ko maganin yanki na ƙwayar fungicides yana da tasiri a kan dukan iri kamar yadda yake a kan yanke iri wajen rage bushewar Fusarium, cutar da za ta iya tasowa a lokacin ajiya, bayan sarrafa iri da shirye-shirye, da kuma bayan dasa shuki. Cutar na iya tasowa daga inoculum mai ɗauke da tuber ko kuma daga ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke samuwa a cikin ƙasa. Mun kuma so mu sani ko yankakken iri mai kariya na fungicides zai kasance har yanzu fiye da iri mai digo ɗaya yayin da kuma aka kare shi da maganin gwari.
Abin da Muka Yi
Dukkanin gwaje-gwaje na bincikenmu na shekaru 10 an gudanar da su a Jami'ar Idaho Aberdeen Research & Extension Center. Russet Burbank dankali daga iri iri ɗaya an yi amfani da shi a cikin kowace shekara 10. Jiyya shida iri ɗaya ne a duk tsawon shekaru:
- Yanke iri, ba'a shafe shi ba kuma ba a bi da shi da fungicides ba
- Iri-digo ɗaya, ba a yi masa allura ba kuma ba a bi da shi da fungicides ba
- Inoculated iri da aka yanka, babu fungicides
- Iri-digo ɗaya da aka yiwa allura, babu fungicides
- Inoculated iri da aka yanke, bi da tare da fungicides
- Iri-digo-digo ɗaya da aka yi, ana bi da shi tare da fungicides
Maganin iri-iri na fungicide da muka yi amfani da shi shine haɗin kasuwancin da ake samu na fludioxonil da mancozeb, kuma mun yi amfani da shi a cikakken ƙimar da aka yiwa alama.
Dukkanin jiyya da aka yi wa allurar (magani na 3 zuwa 6) an fesa su tare da hadaddiyar giyar spores daga Fusarium wanda ya girma a cikin dakin gwaje-gwajen bushewar ƙwayoyin cuta nan da nan bayan yankewa kuma kafin a yi amfani da duk wani magani na iri na fungicides, don yin kwatankwacin busassun ƙwayoyin cuta na tuber. An kafa gwajin ta amfani da abin da aka sani da bazuwar cikakken ƙirar toshe. Wannan daidaitaccen nau'in ƙirar gwaji ne a cikin binciken aikin gona saboda yana lissafin bambancin yanayin da ke faruwa a fagen.
Da zarar tsire-tsire suka fara bayyana, mun fara tattara bayanai. A cikin 'yan makonni na dasa shuki, mun fara tantance fitowar. Tsakanin kakar, mun haƙa 10 shuke-shuke da mãkirci kimanta kara lambobi, Fusarium bushe rot a kan uwar iri yanki ko dukan tuber, da aka gyara na yawan amfanin ƙasa da kuma sa. Tun da an dasa gwajin a cikin filayen da ke da tarihin ciwon daji na Rhizoctonia, mun kuma tantance wannan cutar. An kashe tsire-tsire ta hanyar amfani da samfurin diquat, kuma bayan kimanin makonni uku, an girbe sauran tsire-tsire a cikin filayen.
Abin da Muka Samu
Lokacin da muka duba bayanan, mun gano cewa iri-digo ɗaya ta fito mafi kyau fiye da nau'in yankan (ko an yi maganin fungicide ko a'a), kuma nau'in da aka yi wa fungicides (ko digo ɗaya ko yanke) ya fi fitowa fiye da nau'in da ba a yi masa magani ba. . Mun kuma duba lambar tushe, wanda zai zama da amfani lokacin sarrafa amfanin gona na dankalin turawa, saboda girman tuber yana iya danganta da adadin mai tushe. Wasu kasuwanni suna sha'awar manyan tubers iri ɗaya (maƙasudin yawanci sakamakon ƙananan mai tushe), yayin da wasu kasuwanni ke buƙatar ƙarami, mafi yawan tubers (maƙasudin gabaɗaya mafi kyawun cimma daga tsire-tsire waɗanda ke samar da ƙarin mai tushe).
Kash, bayananmu ba su ba da gudummawa mai ma'ana ba ga ƙoƙarin da ke da alaƙa da tsinkayar lambar tushe, wanda wataƙila ba za a iya yi bisa nau'in iri kaɗai ba. Wannan sakamakon ba abin mamaki bane, saboda bincike da aka gudanar da rahoton wasu kungiyoyi sun nuna cewa tsinkayar adadin adadin yana da rikitarwa kuma ya fi tasiri da wasu abubuwan da ke waje da iyakokin bincikenmu, kamar raka'a mai zafi a cikin ajiya ko amfani da kwayoyin halitta.
Lokacin da yazo ga Fusarium bushe rot, mun sami damar nunawa a fili cewa maganin ƙwayar cuta na fungicide ya haifar da mafi ƙanƙanta matakan Fusarium bushe rot a cikin duka amma shekaru biyu, ba tare da la'akari da nau'in iri ba. Mun kuma nuna cewa iri-digo ɗaya kusan koyaushe yana da ƙananan matakan Fusarium bushe bushe idan aka kwatanta da yanke iri, ba tare da la'akari da ko an yi amfani da maganin yanki na fungicide ba.
Yanzu ga tambaya ta ƙasa: Ta yaya nau'in iri ke tasiri yawan amfanin ƙasa da inganci? Lokacin da aka haɗa bayanai daga duk shekarun da aka yi nazari, ya nuna cewa babu wani bambanci a cikin yawan yawan yawan tuber iri-digo ɗaya idan aka kwatanta da na yankakken iri. Duban yawan amfanin ƙasa (ciki har da US No. 1, US No. 2 and culls), mun gano cewa duk da cewa iri ɗaya-digo ya haifar da yawan amfanin ƙasa wanda ya fi na yankan iri, nau'in iri ba su da wani tasiri mai tasiri akan. yawan amfanin ƙasa na US No. 1 tubers. Babban tasiri akan jimlar yawan amfanin ƙasa, kuma mafi mahimmanci akan jimlar yawan amfanin ƙasa na Amurka, an samu ta hanyar amfani da maganin dankalin turawa na fungicides, ba tare da la'akari da nau'in iri ba.
A ƙarshe, wane nau'in iri ya fi dacewa ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa, kamar waɗanda ke nufin iyakokin aikin noma na musamman, samuwa, farashin digo ɗaya idan aka kwatanta da yanke iri, har ma da nau'in dankalin turawa (aikin a nan ya iyakance. zuwa Russet Burbank). Mun san Fusarium busassun bushewa akan dankalin iri a halin yanzu yana da mafi kyawun sarrafawa ta hanyar amfani da ingantaccen iri mai inganci, aiwatar da ayyukan kula da tubers iri waɗanda ke rage raunuka da haɓaka waraka, da dasa shuki a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ke hana kumburin iri da haɓaka haɓaka shuka.
Baya ga waɗannan dabarun, ɗayan mafi kyawun kayan aikin sarrafa busassun Fusarium a cikin dankalin iri, ba tare da la'akari da nau'in iri da aka yi amfani da shi ba, shine a yi amfani da maganin kashe kwari da ya dace kai tsaye a kan iri.